Why planes fly, sentence 15
The cabin is pumped full of air, but its pressure is still lower than on the ground, so ears pop as the plane climbs and descends; swallowing, yawning or sucking a sweet helps.
Who acts: pressure, ears, plane, swallowing, cabin · What happens: pump, be, pop, climb, descend, swallow · To what, where: cabin, sweet
This is a sentence of the lesson «Why planes fly» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (pressure, ears, plane, swallowing), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 cabin | det |
| 2 | cabin | cabin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 pumped | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 pumped | aux:pass |
| 4 | pumped | pump | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | full | full | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 pumped | xcomp |
| 6 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 air | case |
| 7 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 full | obl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 lower | punct |
| 9 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 14 lower | cc |
| 10 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 pressure | nmod:poss |
| 11 | pressure | pressure | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 lower | nsubj |
| 12 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 lower | cop |
| 13 | still | still | ADV | _ | 14 lower | advmod |
| 14 | lower | low | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 4 pumped | conj |
| 15 | than | than | ADP | _ | 18 ground | case |
| 16 | on | on | ADP | _ | 18 ground | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 ground | det |
| 18 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 lower | obl |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 pop | punct |
| 20 | so | so | ADV | _ | 22 pop | advmod |
| 21 | ears | ear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 pop | nsubj |
| 22 | pop | pop | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 pumped | parataxis |
| 23 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 26 climbs | mark |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 plane | det |
| 25 | plane | plane | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 climbs | nsubj |
| 26 | climbs | climb | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 pop | advcl |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 28 descends | cc |
| 28 | descends | descend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 climbs | conj |
| 29 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 swallowing | punct |
| 30 | swallowing | swallow | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 37 helps | csubj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 yawning | punct |
| 32 | yawning | yawn | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 30 swallowing | conj |
| 33 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 34 sucking | cc |
| 34 | sucking | suck | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 30 swallowing | conj |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 sweet | det |
| 36 | sweet | sweet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 sucking | obj |
| 37 | helps | help | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 pumped | parataxis |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 pumped | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | pump | present · passive | the cabin | full property | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 2 | is | present | cabin's pressure | still | than the ground; low property | tree rules | |||
| 3 | pop | present | ears | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 4 | climb | present | the plane | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | descend | present | the plane not said here | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | swallow | gerund | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 7 | yawn | gerund | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 8 | suck | gerund | a sweet | vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent sweet=Source | |||||
| 9 | help | present | swallowing | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 10 | press | cabin | nom pressure «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:technology:022-why-planes-fly.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/22-why-planes-fly/15/