Bicycles and other wheels, sentence 12
A helmet is a hard shell over foam that crushes in a crash and absorbs the hit; the foam only works once, so a helmet must be replaced after a crash even if it looks fine.
Who acts: helmet, hard shell, foam · What happens: be, crush, absorb, work, replace, look · To what, where: hard shell, foam, crash, hit, helmet
This is a sentence of the lesson «Bicycles and other wheels» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (helmet, hard shell, foam), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 helmet | det |
| 2 | helmet | helmet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 shell | nsubj |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 shell | cop |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 shell | det |
| 5 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 shell | amod |
| 6 | shell | shell | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 7 | over | over | ADP | _ | 8 foam | case |
| 8 | foam | foam | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 shell | nmod |
| 9 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 10 crushes | nsubj |
| 10 | crushes | crush | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 shell | acl:relcl |
| 11 | in | in | ADP | _ | 13 crash | case |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 crash | det |
| 13 | crash | crash | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 crushes | obl |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 absorbs | cc |
| 15 | absorbs | absorb | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 crushes | conj |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 hit | det |
| 17 | hit | hit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 absorbs | obj |
| 18 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 22 works | punct |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 foam | det |
| 20 | foam | foam | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 works | nsubj |
| 21 | only | only | ADV | _ | 22 works | advmod |
| 22 | works | work | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 absorbs | parataxis |
| 23 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 22 works | advmod |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 replaced | punct |
| 25 | so | so | ADV | _ | 30 replaced | advmod |
| 26 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 helmet | det |
| 27 | helmet | helmet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 replaced | nsubj:pass |
| 28 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 30 replaced | aux |
| 29 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 30 replaced | aux:pass |
| 30 | replaced | replace | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 works | parataxis |
| 31 | after | after | ADP | _ | 33 crash | case |
| 32 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 33 crash | det |
| 33 | crash | crash | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 replaced | obl |
| 34 | even | even | ADV | _ | 37 looks | advmod |
| 35 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 37 looks | mark |
| 36 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 37 looks | nsubj |
| 37 | looks | look | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 30 replaced | advcl |
| 38 | fine | fine | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 looks | xcomp |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 shell | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | a helmet | a hard shell | foam | tree rules | |||
| 2 | crush | present | a hard shell | a crash | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 3 | absorb | present | a hard shell not said here | the hit | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Goal hit=Theme | ||||
| 4 | work | present | the foam | once property | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | replace | must · passive | a helmet | after a crash | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Theme | ||||
| 6 | look a condition, not said to happen | present | foam | fine property | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:technology:025-bicycles-and-other-wheels.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/25-bicycles-and-other-wheels/12/