Roads and road signs, sentence 8
Potholes grow after winter because water gets into cracks, freezes, expands and breaks the road, and traffic then knocks pieces out; councils fill them, and cyclists watch for them.
Who acts: Potholes, water, traffic, councils, cyclists · What happens: grow, get, freeze, expand, break, knock out · To what, where: cracks, road, pieces
This is a sentence of the lesson «Roads and road signs» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Potholes, water, traffic, councils), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Potholes | pothole | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 grow | nsubj |
| 2 | grow | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | after | after | ADP | _ | 4 winter | case |
| 4 | winter | winter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 grow | obl |
| 5 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 7 gets | mark |
| 6 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 gets | nsubj |
| 7 | gets | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 grow | advcl |
| 8 | into | into | ADP | _ | 9 cracks | case |
| 9 | cracks | crack | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 gets | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 freezes | punct |
| 11 | freezes | freeze | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 gets | conj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 expands | punct |
| 13 | expands | expand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 gets | conj |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 breaks | cc |
| 15 | breaks | break | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 gets | conj |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 road | det |
| 17 | road | road | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 breaks | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 knocks | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 traffic | cc |
| 20 | traffic | traffic | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 knocks | nsubj |
| 21 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 22 knocks | advmod |
| 22 | knocks | knock | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 breaks | conj |
| 23 | pieces | piece | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 knocks | obj |
| 24 | out | out | ADP | _ | 22 knocks | compound:prt |
| 25 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 fill | punct |
| 26 | councils | council | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 fill | nsubj |
| 27 | fill | fill | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 grow | parataxis |
| 28 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 fill | obj |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 watch | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 watch | cc |
| 31 | cyclists | cyclist | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 watch | nsubj |
| 32 | watch | watch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 fill | conj |
| 33 | for | for | ADP | _ | 34 them | case |
| 34 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 watch | obl |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 grow | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | grow | present | Potholes | winter | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | get | present | water | cracks | vn escape-51.1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme into crack=Destination | ||||
| 3 | freeze | present | water not said here | vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 4 | expand | present | water not said here | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 5 | break | present | water not said here | the road | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer road=Patient | ||||
| 6 | knock out | present | traffic | pieces | then | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent piece=Patient | |||
| 7 | fill | present | councils | pieces = piece | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent they=Patient | ||||
| 8 | watch | present | cyclists | for councils = council | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.theme NP.location»: agent=Agent for they=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:technology:031-roads-and-road-signs.lesson:8.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/8/