Roads and road signs, sentence 7
A road is built in layers: crushed stone rolled hard at the bottom, then hot asphalt, a mix of stones and sticky black bitumen, spread and rolled flat on top; people often call it tarmac.
Who acts: people · What happens: build, crush, roll, spread, call · To what, where: road, layers, crushed stone, bottom, mix, top · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Roads and road signs» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 road | det |
| 2 | road | road | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 built | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 built | aux:pass |
| 4 | built | build | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 layers | case |
| 6 | layers | layer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 built | obl |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 9 stone | punct |
| 8 | crushed | crush | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 stone | amod |
| 9 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 layers | nmod |
| 10 | rolled | roll | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 stone | acl |
| 11 | hard | hard | ADV | Degree=Pos | 10 rolled | advmod |
| 12 | at | at | ADP | _ | 14 bottom | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 bottom | det |
| 14 | bottom | bottom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 rolled | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 asphalt | punct |
| 16 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 18 asphalt | advmod |
| 17 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 asphalt | amod |
| 18 | asphalt | asphalt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 bottom | conj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 mix | punct |
| 20 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 21 mix | det |
| 21 | mix | mix | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 bottom | nmod |
| 22 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 stones | case |
| 23 | stones | stone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 mix | nmod |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 bitumen | cc |
| 25 | sticky | sticky | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 bitumen | amod |
| 26 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 bitumen | amod |
| 27 | bitumen | bitumen | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 stones | conj |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 spread | punct |
| 29 | spread | spread | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 21 mix | acl |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 rolled | cc |
| 31 | rolled | roll | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 29 spread | conj |
| 32 | flat | flat | ADV | _ | 31 rolled | advmod |
| 33 | on | on | ADP | _ | 34 top | case |
| 34 | top | top | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 rolled | obl |
| 35 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 38 call | punct |
| 36 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 call | nsubj |
| 37 | often | often | ADV | _ | 38 call | advmod |
| 38 | call | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 built | parataxis |
| 39 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 call | obj |
| 40 | tarmac | tarmac | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 call | xcomp |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 built | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | build | present · passive | a road | layers crushed stone | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | ||||
| 2 | crush | participle | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 3 | roll | participle | crushed stone not said here | the bottom a mix of stones and sticky black bitumen and hot asphalt | hard property | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at bottom=Trajectory | |||
| 4 | spread | participle | a mix of stones and sticky black bitumen not said here | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | roll | participle | top | flat property | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on top=Trajectory | ||||
| 6 | call | present | people | road | often property | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:technology:031-roads-and-road-signs.lesson:7.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/7/