Communication: letters, phones, radio and the internet, sentence 3

In 1840 Britain began the Penny Black, the first postage stamp: the sender paid a penny in advance, whatever the distance, and sending letters became cheap for everyone.

Who acts: Britain, sender, whatever, sending · What happens: begin, pay, distance, send, become · To what, where: Penny Black, 1840, penny, advance, letters

This is a sentence of the lesson «Communication: letters, phones, radio and the internet» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Britain, sender, whatever, sending), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 1840	case
2	1840	1840	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	4 began	obl
3	Britain	Britain	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 began	nsubj
4	began	begin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 Black	det
6	Penny	Penny	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 Black	compound
7	Black	Black	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 began	obj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 stamp	punct
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 stamp	det
10	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	12 stamp	amod
11	postage	postage	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 stamp	compound
12	stamp	stamp	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 Black	appos
13	:	:	PUNCT	_	16 paid	punct
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 sender	det
15	sender	sender	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 paid	nsubj
16	paid	pay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 stamp	parataxis
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 penny	det
18	penny	penny	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 paid	obj
19	in	in	ADP	_	20 advance	case
20	advance	advance	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 paid	obl
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 distance	punct
22	whatever	whatever	PRON	PronType=Rel	24 distance	nsubj
23	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	24 distance	det
24	distance	distance	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 paid	obl
25	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 became	punct
26	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 became	cc
27	sending	send	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	29 became	csubj
28	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 sending	obj
29	became	become	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	16 paid	conj
30	cheap	cheap	ADJ	Degree=Pos	29 became	xcomp
31	for	for	ADP	_	32 everyone	case
32	everyone	everyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	30 cheap	obl
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 began	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	begin	past	Britain	the Penny Black	1840		vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent black=Eventuality
2	pay	past	the sender	a penny	advance		vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent penny=Asset
3	distance		whatever				tree rules
4	send	gerund		letters			vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Theme
5	become	past	sending			cheap property	vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:100-communication-letters-to-internet.lesson:3.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/100-communication-letters-to-internet/3/