One counterexample is enough, sentence 8
Black swans live in Australia, so "all swans are white" is false.
Who acts: Black swans, swans · What happens: live, be · To what, where: Australia · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Black swans, swans), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 swans | amod |
| 2 | swans | swan | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 live | nsubj |
| 3 | live | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 Australia | case |
| 5 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 live | obl |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 false | punct |
| 7 | so | so | ADV | _ | 15 false | advmod |
| 8 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 12 white | punct |
| 9 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 10 swans | det |
| 10 | swans | swan | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 white | nsubj |
| 11 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 white | cop |
| 12 | white | white | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 false | csubj |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 12 white | punct |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 false | cop |
| 15 | false | false | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 live | parataxis |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 live | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | live | present | Black swans | Australia | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in australia=Location | ||||
| 2 | is in a quote | present | all swans | white property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | is | present | false property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough.lesson:8.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/8/