The UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, sentence 6
Because Australia and New Zealand were cut off by the sea for millions of years, they have animals found nowhere else: kangaroos and koalas, which carry their babies in pouches, the egg-laying platypus, and in New Zealand the kiwi, a bird that cannot fly.
Who acts: sea, millions, kangaroos, bird · What happens: cut off, have, find, carry, lay, not fly · To what, where: Australia, animals, babies, pouches
This is a sentence of the lesson «The UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sea, millions, kangaroos, bird), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Because | because | SCONJ | _ | 7 cut | mark |
| 2 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 cut | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 Zealand | cc |
| 4 | New | New | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 Zealand | flat |
| 5 | Zealand | Zealand | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Australia | conj |
| 6 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 cut | aux:pass |
| 7 | cut | cut | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 have | advcl |
| 8 | off | off | ADP | _ | 7 cut | compound:prt |
| 9 | by | by | ADP | _ | 11 sea | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 sea | det |
| 11 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 cut | obl |
| 12 | for | for | ADP | _ | 13 millions | case |
| 13 | millions | million | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 cut | obl |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 years | case |
| 15 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 millions | nmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 cut | punct |
| 17 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 have | nsubj |
| 18 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 19 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 have | obj |
| 20 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 animals | acl |
| 21 | nowhere | nowhere | ADV | PronType=Neg | 20 found | advmod |
| 22 | else | else | ADV | _ | 21 nowhere | advmod |
| 23 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 24 kangaroos | punct |
| 24 | kangaroos | kangaroo | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 animals | appos |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 koalas | cc |
| 26 | koalas | koala | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 kangaroos | conj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 carry | punct |
| 28 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 29 carry | nsubj |
| 29 | carry | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 kangaroos | acl:relcl |
| 30 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 31 babies | nmod:poss |
| 31 | babies | baby | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 carry | obj |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 pouches | case |
| 33 | pouches | pouch | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 carry | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 platypus | punct |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 platypus | det |
| 36 | egg | egg | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 laying | compound |
| 37 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 36 egg | punct |
| 38 | laying | lay | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 39 platypus | amod |
| 39 | platypus | platypus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 kangaroos | conj |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 46 kiwi | punct |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 46 kiwi | cc |
| 42 | in | in | ADP | _ | 44 Zealand | case |
| 43 | New | New | PROPN | Number=Sing | 44 Zealand | flat |
| 44 | Zealand | Zealand | PROPN | Number=Sing | 46 kiwi | nmod |
| 45 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 46 kiwi | det |
| 46 | kiwi | kiwi | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 kangaroos | conj |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 49 bird | punct |
| 48 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 49 bird | det |
| 49 | bird | bird | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 kiwi | appos |
| 50 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 53 fly | nsubj |
| 51 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 53 fly | aux |
| 52 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 53 fly | advmod |
| 53 | fly | fly | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 49 bird | acl:relcl |
| 54 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 18 have | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cut off | past · passive | the sea | Australia and New Zealand | for millions of years | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector subject=Eventuality | |||
| 2 | have | present | millions = million | animals | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Patient | ||||
| 3 | find | participle | animals not said here | nowhere property | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | carry | present | kangaroos and koalas and the laying platypus and the kiwi in New Zealand | millions's babies | pouches | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent baby=Value in pouch=Location | |||
| 5 | lay | gerund | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | not fly | can | a bird | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:045-uk-ireland-canada-australia-nz.lesson:6.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/45-uk-ireland-canada-australia-nz/6/