Countries, peoples and languages of the world, sentence 4
Languages are related like families: English, German and Dutch are cousins in the Germanic family, so many words look alike, such as water and Wasser; Ukrainian, Polish and Czech are cousins in the Slavic family; Spanish, French and Italian all grew from Latin.
Who acts: Languages, many words, Ukrainian, Spanish · What happens: be, look, grow · To what, where: cousins, Germanic family, Slavic family
This is a sentence of the lesson «Countries, peoples and languages of the world» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Languages, many words, Ukrainian, Spanish), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 related | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 related | cop |
| 3 | related | related | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | like | like | ADP | _ | 5 families | case |
| 5 | families | family | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 related | obl |
| 6 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 7 English | punct |
| 7 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 families | appos |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 German | punct |
| 9 | German | German | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 English | conj |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 Dutch | cc |
| 11 | Dutch | dutch | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 German | conj |
| 12 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 cousins | cop |
| 13 | cousins | cousin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 English | conj |
| 14 | in | in | ADP | _ | 17 family | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 family | det |
| 16 | Germanic | Germanic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 family | amod |
| 17 | family | family | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 cousins | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 look | punct |
| 19 | so | so | ADV | _ | 22 look | advmod |
| 20 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 words | amod |
| 21 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 look | nsubj |
| 22 | look | look | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 related | conj |
| 23 | alike | alike | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 look | xcomp |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 water | punct |
| 25 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP | 27 water | case |
| 26 | as | as | ADP | _ | 25 such | fixed |
| 27 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 related | obl |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 Wasser | cc |
| 29 | Wasser | Wasser | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 water | conj |
| 30 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 31 Ukrainian | punct |
| 31 | Ukrainian | ukrainian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 cousins | nsubj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 Polish | punct |
| 33 | Polish | polish | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 Ukrainian | conj |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 Czech | cc |
| 35 | Czech | czech | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 Ukrainian | conj |
| 36 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 cousins | cop |
| 37 | cousins | cousin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 Wasser | conj |
| 38 | in | in | ADP | _ | 41 family | case |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 family | det |
| 40 | Slavic | slavic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 family | amod |
| 41 | family | family | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 cousins | nmod |
| 42 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 49 grew | punct |
| 43 | Spanish | Spanish | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 49 grew | nsubj |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 45 French | punct |
| 45 | French | French | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 Spanish | conj |
| 46 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 47 Italian | cc |
| 47 | Italian | Italian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 Spanish | conj |
| 48 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 49 grew | nsubj |
| 49 | grew | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 37 cousins | conj |
| 50 | from | from | ADP | _ | 51 Latin | case |
| 51 | Latin | Latin | PROPN | Number=Sing | 49 grew | obl |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 related | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | Languages | like families; such water and Wasser and cousins; related property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | is a | present | Languages not said here | cousins | the Germanic family | tree rules | |||
| 3 | look | present | many words | alike property | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | is a | present | Ukrainian | cousins | the Slavic family | tree rules | |||
| 5 | grow | past | Spanish | from Latin | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.product V PP.patient»: agent=Product from latin=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:046-countries-peoples-languages.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/46-countries-peoples-languages/4/