Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands, sentence 2

A glacier is a giant bulldozer and file: rocks frozen into its bottom scrape the land, so it carves deep valleys shaped like the letter U, digs hollows that later fill as lakes, and drops heaps of mixed rock and clay where it melts.

Who acts: glacier, rocks, hollows · What happens: be, freeze, scrape, carve, shape, dig · To what, where: giant bulldozer, rocks, bottom, land, deep valleys, hollows

This is a sentence of the lesson «Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (glacier, rocks, hollows), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 glacier	det
2	glacier	glacier	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 bulldozer	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 bulldozer	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 bulldozer	det
5	giant	giant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 bulldozer	amod
6	bulldozer	bulldozer	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 file	cc
8	file	file	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 bulldozer	conj
9	:	:	PUNCT	_	10 rocks	punct
10	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 scrape	nsubj
11	frozen	freeze	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 rocks	acl
12	into	into	ADP	_	14 bottom	case
13	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 bottom	nmod:poss
14	bottom	bottom	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 frozen	obl
15	scrape	scrape	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 bulldozer	parataxis
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 land	det
17	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 scrape	obj
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 carves	punct
19	so	so	ADV	_	21 carves	advmod
20	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	21 carves	nsubj
21	carves	carve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 scrape	conj
22	deep	deep	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 valleys	amod
23	valleys	valley	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 carves	obj
24	shaped	shape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	23 valleys	acl
25	like	like	ADP	_	27 letter	case
26	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	27 letter	det
27	letter	letter	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 shaped	obl
28	U	U	PROPN	Number=Sing	27 letter	appos
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 digs	punct
30	digs	dig	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 carves	conj
31	hollows	hollow	NOUN	Number=Plur	30 digs	obj
32	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	34 fill	nsubj
33	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	34 fill	advmod
34	fill	fill	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	31 hollows	acl:relcl
35	as	as	ADP	_	36 lakes	case
36	lakes	lake	NOUN	Number=Plur	34 fill	obl
37	,	,	PUNCT	_	39 drops	punct
38	and	and	CCONJ	_	39 drops	cc
39	drops	drop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 scrape	conj
40	heaps	heap	NOUN	Number=Plur	39 drops	obj
41	of	of	ADP	_	43 rock	case
42	mixed	mix	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	43 rock	amod
43	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	40 heaps	nmod
44	and	and	CCONJ	_	45 clay	cc
45	clay	clay	NOUN	Number=Sing	43 rock	conj
46	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	48 melts	advmod
47	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	48 melts	nsubj
48	melts	melt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	39 drops	advcl
49	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 bulldozer	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a glacier	a giant bulldozer and file			tree rules
2	freeze	participle		rocks not said here	glacier's bottom		vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
3	scrape	present	rocks	the land			vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Patient
4	carve	present	glacier	deep valleys			vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent valley=Theme
5	shape	participle		deep valleys not said here		like the letter	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
6	dig	present	glacier not said here	hollows			vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hollow=Theme
7	fill	present	hollows			as lakes; late property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
8	drop	present	rocks not said here	heaps of mixed rock and clay			vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heap=Theme
9	mix	participle					vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
10	melt	present	glacier				vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:065-glaciers-ice-ages-polar-lands.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/65-glaciers-ice-ages-polar-lands/2/