Clouds, rain, snow and hail, sentence 2

Clouds have names by their shape and height: cumulus are white puffy heaps of fair weather; stratus are flat grey sheets that may bring drizzle; cirrus are thin wisps of ice high up; a cumulonimbus is a towering storm cloud that brings heavy rain, thunder and sometimes hail.

Who acts: Clouds, cumulus, stratus, flat grey sheets, cirrus, cumulonimbus · What happens: have, be, bring, tower, name · To what, where: names, white puffy heaps, flat grey sheets, drizzle, thin wisps, towering storm cloud

This is a sentence of the lesson «Clouds, rain, snow and hail» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Clouds, cumulus, stratus, flat grey sheets), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Clouds	cloud	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	names	name	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 shape	case
5	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 shape	nmod:poss
6	shape	shape	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 names	nmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 height	cc
8	height	height	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 shape	conj
9	:	:	PUNCT	_	10 cumulus	punct
10	cumulus	cumulus	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 heaps	nsubj
11	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 heaps	cop
12	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 heaps	amod
13	puffy	puffy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 heaps	amod
14	heaps	heap	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	parataxis
15	of	of	ADP	_	17 weather	case
16	fair	fair	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 weather	amod
17	weather	weather	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 heaps	nmod
18	;	;	PUNCT	_	19 stratus	punct
19	stratus	stratus	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 sheets	nsubj
20	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	23 sheets	cop
21	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 sheets	amod
22	grey	grey	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 sheets	amod
23	sheets	sheet	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	parataxis
24	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	26 bring	nsubj
25	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	26 bring	aux
26	bring	bring	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	23 sheets	acl:relcl
27	drizzle	drizzle	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 bring	obj
28	;	;	PUNCT	_	29 cirrus	punct
29	cirrus	cirrus	NOUN	Number=Sing	32 wisps	nsubj
30	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	32 wisps	cop
31	thin	thin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 wisps	amod
32	wisps	wisp	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	parataxis
33	of	of	ADP	_	34 ice	case
34	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	32 wisps	nmod
35	high	high	ADV	_	36 up	advmod
36	up	up	ADV	_	34 ice	advmod
37	;	;	PUNCT	_	2 have	punct
38	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	39 cumulonimbus	det
39	cumulonimbus	cumulonimbus	NOUN	Number=Sing	44 cloud	nsubj
40	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	44 cloud	cop
41	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	44 cloud	det
42	towering	tower	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	44 cloud	amod
43	storm	storm	NOUN	Number=Sing	44 cloud	compound
44	cloud	cloud	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 have	parataxis
45	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	46 brings	nsubj
46	brings	bring	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	44 cloud	acl:relcl
47	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	48 rain	amod
48	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	46 brings	obj
49	,	,	PUNCT	_	50 thunder	punct
50	thunder	thunder	NOUN	Number=Sing	48 rain	conj
51	and	and	CCONJ	_	53 hail	cc
52	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	PronType=Ind	53 hail	advmod
53	hail	hail	NOUN	Number=Sing	48 rain	conj
54	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 have	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	have	present	Clouds	names	by names's shape and height	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Patient
2	is a	present	cumulus	white puffy heaps	of fair weather	tree rules
3	is a	present	stratus	flat grey sheets		tree rules
4	bring	may	flat grey sheets	drizzle		vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent drizzle=Theme
5	is a	present	cirrus	thin wisps	of ice	tree rules
6	tower	gerund				vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
7	is a	present	a cumulonimbus	a towering storm cloud		tree rules
8	bring	present	a towering storm cloud	heavy rain and thunder and hail		vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent rain=Theme
9	name		names's shape and height			nom name «communication transitive»: by=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:067-clouds-rain-snow-hail.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/67-clouds-rain-snow-hail/2/