Clouds, rain, snow and hail, sentence 4

In cold clouds, raindrops usually start as ice: crystals grow on specks of dust, collect into snowflakes, and melt into rain on the way down if the air near the ground is warm.

Who acts: raindrops, crystals, air · What happens: start, grow, collect, melt, be · To what, where: cold clouds, specks, snowflakes, rain

This is a sentence of the lesson «Clouds, rain, snow and hail» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (raindrops, crystals, air), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 clouds	case
2	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 clouds	amod
3	clouds	cloud	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 start	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 raindrops	punct
5	raindrops	raindrop	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 start	nsubj
6	usually	usually	ADV	_	7 start	advmod
7	start	start	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	as	as	ADP	_	9 ice	case
9	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 start	obl
10	:	:	PUNCT	_	12 grow	punct
11	crystals	crystal	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 grow	nsubj
12	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 start	parataxis
13	on	on	ADP	_	14 specks	case
14	specks	speck	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 grow	obl
15	of	of	ADP	_	16 dust	case
16	dust	dust	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 specks	nmod
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 collect	punct
18	collect	collect	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 grow	conj
19	into	into	ADP	_	20 snowflakes	case
20	snowflakes	snowflake	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 collect	obl
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 melt	punct
22	and	and	CCONJ	_	23 melt	cc
23	melt	melt	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 start	conj
24	into	into	ADP	_	25 rain	case
25	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 melt	obl
26	on	on	ADP	_	28 way	case
27	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	28 way	det
28	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 melt	obl
29	down	down	ADV	_	28 way	advmod
30	if	if	SCONJ	_	37 warm	mark
31	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	32 air	det
32	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 warm	nsubj
33	near	near	ADP	_	35 ground	case
34	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	35 ground	det
35	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	32 air	nmod
36	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	37 warm	cop
37	warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 melt	advcl
38	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 start	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	other	roles by
1	start	present	raindrops	cold clouds	as ice; usually property	vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
2	grow	present	crystals	specks of dust		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on speck=Location
3	collect	present	crystals not said here	snowflakes		vn knead-26.5 «NP.material V PP.product»: agent=Material into snowflake=Product
4	melt	present	raindrops not said here	rain	on the way	vn knead-26.5 «NP.material V PP.product»: agent=Material into rain=Product
5	is a condition, not said to happen	present	the air near the ground		warm property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:067-clouds-rain-snow-hail.lesson:4.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/67-clouds-rain-snow-hail/4/