Clouds, rain, snow and hail, sentence 6

Hail is made only in tall thunderstorm clouds: strong winds inside carry a frozen drop up and down again and again, and each trip adds a new layer of ice, like the layers of an onion, until the hailstone is too heavy and falls, even in summer.

Who acts: strong winds, trip, hailstone · What happens: make, carry, freeze, add, be, fall · To what, where: Hail, tall thunderstorm clouds, frozen drop, new layer

This is a sentence of the lesson «Clouds, rain, snow and hail» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (strong winds, trip, hailstone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Hail	hail	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 made	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 made	aux:pass
3	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	8 clouds	advmod
5	in	in	ADP	_	8 clouds	case
6	tall	tall	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 clouds	amod
7	thunderstorm	thunderstorm	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 clouds	compound
8	clouds	cloud	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 made	obl
9	:	:	PUNCT	_	11 winds	punct
10	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 winds	amod
11	winds	wind	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 clouds	conj
12	inside	inside	ADV	_	11 winds	advmod
13	carry	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 winds	acl
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 drop	det
15	frozen	freeze	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 drop	amod
16	drop	drop	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 carry	obj
17	up	up	ADP	_	16 drop	compound:prt
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 adds	cc
19	down	down	ADV	_	17 up	conj
20	again	again	ADV	_	27 adds	advmod
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 again	cc
22	again	again	ADV	_	20 again	conj
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 adds	punct
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 adds	cc
25	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	26 trip	det
26	trip	trip	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 adds	nsubj
27	adds	add	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 carry	conj
28	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	30 layer	det
29	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 layer	amod
30	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 adds	obj
31	of	of	ADP	_	32 ice	case
32	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 layer	nmod
33	,	,	PUNCT	_	36 layers	punct
34	like	like	ADP	_	36 layers	case
35	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	36 layers	det
36	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 adds	obj
37	of	of	ADP	_	39 onion	case
38	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	39 onion	det
39	onion	onion	NOUN	Number=Sing	36 layers	nmod
40	,	,	PUNCT	_	46 heavy	punct
41	until	until	SCONJ	_	46 heavy	mark
42	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	43 hailstone	det
43	hailstone	hailstone	NOUN	Number=Sing	46 heavy	nsubj
44	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	46 heavy	cop
45	too	too	ADV	_	46 heavy	advmod
46	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	27 adds	advcl
47	and	and	CCONJ	_	48 falls	cc
48	falls	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	46 heavy	conj
49	,	,	PUNCT	_	52 summer	punct
50	even	even	ADV	_	52 summer	advmod
51	in	in	ADP	_	52 summer	case
52	summer	summer	NOUN	Number=Sing	48 falls	obl
53	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 made	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present · passive		Hail	tall thunderstorm clouds and strong winds			vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
2	carry	present	strong winds not said here	a frozen drop				vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drop=Theme
3	freeze	participle						vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
4	add speech: assert	present	each trip	a new layer of ice		again		tree rules
5	is	present	the hailstone				heavy property	tree rules
6	fall	present	the hailstone not said here			summer		vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:067-clouds-rain-snow-hail.lesson:6.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/67-clouds-rain-snow-hail/6/