Fish, frogs and reptiles, sentence 4

Frogs and other amphibians have thin, moist skin, and they can take in some oxygen through it, so they must keep it damp; their eggs have no shell and dry out in air, so they are laid in water or in damp places.

Who acts: Frogs, eggs · What happens: have, take in, keep, dry out, lay · To what, where: thin moist skin, oxygen, skin, shell, air, eggs

This is a sentence of the lesson «Fish, frogs and reptiles» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Frogs, eggs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 have	nsubj
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 amphibians	cc
3	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 amphibians	amod
4	amphibians	amphibian	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Frogs	conj
5	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	thin	thin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 skin	amod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 thin	punct
8	moist	moist	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 skin	amod
9	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 have	obj
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 take	punct
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 take	cc
12	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 take	nsubj
13	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	14 take	aux
14	take	take	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 have	conj
15	in	in	ADP	_	14 take	compound:prt
16	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	17 oxygen	det
17	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 take	obj
18	through	through	ADP	_	19 it	case
19	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 take	obl
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 keep	punct
21	so	so	ADV	_	24 keep	advmod
22	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	24 keep	nsubj
23	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	24 keep	aux
24	keep	keep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 take	conj
25	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	24 keep	obj
26	damp	damp	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 keep	xcomp
27	;	;	PUNCT	_	30 have	punct
28	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	29 eggs	nmod:poss
29	eggs	egg	NOUN	Number=Plur	30 have	nsubj
30	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	24 keep	conj
31	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	32 shell	det
32	shell	shell	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 have	obj
33	and	and	CCONJ	_	34 dry	cc
34	dry	dry	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	30 have	conj
35	out	out	ADP	_	34 dry	compound:prt
36	in	in	ADP	_	37 air	case
37	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 dry	obl
38	,	,	PUNCT	_	42 laid	punct
39	so	so	ADV	_	42 laid	advmod
40	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	42 laid	nsubj
41	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	42 laid	aux:pass
42	laid	lay	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	24 keep	parataxis
43	in	in	ADP	_	44 water	case
44	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	42 laid	obl
45	or	or	CCONJ	_	48 places	cc
46	in	in	ADP	_	48 places	case
47	damp	damp	ADJ	Degree=Pos	48 places	amod
48	places	place	NOUN	Number=Plur	42 laid	conj
49	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 have	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	have	present	Frogs and other amphibians	thin moist skin			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Patient
2	take in	can	Frogs = frog	some oxygen	oxygen		vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme
3	keep	must	Frogs = frog	skin		damp property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
4	have	present	Frogs's eggs	no shell			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shell=Patient
5	dry out	infinitive	Frogs's eggs not said here		air		vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
6	lay	present · passive		eggs = egg	water		vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in water=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:074-fish-frogs-reptiles.lesson:4.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/74-fish-frogs-reptiles/4/