Explorers and how the world was mapped, sentence 3

Polynesian sailors crossed thousands of kilometres of the Pacific Ocean in canoes, finding islands by reading the stars, the waves and the flight of birds.

Who acts: Polynesian sailors · What happens: cross, find, read · To what, where: thousands, islands, stars

This is a sentence of the lesson «Explorers and how the world was mapped» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Polynesian sailors), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Polynesian	polynesian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 sailors	amod
2	sailors	sailor	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 crossed	nsubj
3	crossed	cross	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	thousands	thousand	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 crossed	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 kilometres	case
6	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 thousands	nmod
7	of	of	ADP	_	10 Ocean	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 Ocean	det
9	Pacific	Pacific	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 Ocean	compound
10	Ocean	Ocean	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 kilometres	nmod
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 canoes	case
12	canoes	canoe	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 crossed	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 finding	punct
14	finding	find	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 crossed	advcl
15	islands	island	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 finding	obj
16	by	by	SCONJ	_	17 reading	mark
17	reading	read	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	14 finding	advcl
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 stars	det
19	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 reading	obj
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 waves	punct
21	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	22 waves	det
22	waves	wave	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 stars	conj
23	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 flight	cc
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 flight	det
25	flight	flight	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 stars	conj
26	of	of	ADP	_	27 birds	case
27	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	25 flight	nmod
28	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 crossed	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	cross	past	Polynesian sailors	thousands of kilometres of the Pacific Ocean	in canoes	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent thousand=Patient in canoe=Topic
2	find	gerund	Polynesian sailors not said here	islands		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent island=Topic
3	read	gerund	Polynesian sailors not said here	the stars and the waves and the flight of birds		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent star=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:098-explorers-mapping-the-world.lesson:3.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/98-explorers-mapping-the-world/3/