The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 38, sentence 2
By the light of a lantern suspended from the roof, he perceived a row of black guards sleeping, each with a naked sword lying by him, and he understood that the hall must form the ante-room to the chamber of some queen or princess.
Who acts: prince, naked sword, hall · What happens: suspend, perceive, sleep, lie, understand, form · To what, where: lantern, roof, row, each, ante room, chamber
This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 38. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (prince, naked sword, hall), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | ADP | _ | 3 light | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 light | det |
| 3 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 perceived | obl |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 lantern | case |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 lantern | det |
| 6 | lantern | lantern | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 light | nmod |
| 7 | suspended | suspend | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 lantern | acl |
| 8 | from | from | ADP | _ | 10 roof | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 roof | det |
| 10 | roof | roof | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 suspended | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 light | punct |
| 12 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 perceived | nsubj |
| 13 | perceived | perceive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 row | det |
| 15 | row | row | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 perceived | obj |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 18 guards | case |
| 17 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 guards | amod |
| 18 | guards | guard | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 row | nmod |
| 19 | sleeping | sleep | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 13 perceived | advcl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 each | punct |
| 21 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 19 sleeping | obl |
| 22 | with | with | ADP | _ | 25 sword | case |
| 23 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 sword | det |
| 24 | naked | naked | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 sword | amod |
| 25 | sword | sword | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 each | nmod |
| 26 | lying | lie | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 25 sword | acl |
| 27 | by | by | ADP | _ | 28 him | case |
| 28 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 lying | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 understood | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 understood | cc |
| 31 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 understood | nsubj |
| 32 | understood | understand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 perceived | conj |
| 33 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 37 form | mark |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 hall | det |
| 35 | hall | hall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 form | nsubj |
| 36 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 37 form | aux |
| 37 | form | form | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 understood | advcl |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 room | det |
| 39 | ante | ante | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 room | compound |
| 40 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 39 ante | punct |
| 41 | room | room | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 form | obj |
| 42 | to | to | ADP | _ | 44 chamber | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 chamber | det |
| 44 | chamber | chamber | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 room | nmod |
| 45 | of | of | ADP | _ | 47 queen | case |
| 46 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 47 queen | det |
| 47 | queen | queen | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 chamber | nmod |
| 48 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 49 princess | cc |
| 49 | princess | princess | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 queen | conj |
| 50 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 perceived | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | suspend | participle | a lantern not said here | the roof | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from roof=Source | ||||
| 2 | perceive | past | prince | a row of black guards | by the light of a lantern | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer row=Stimulus | |||
| 3 | sleep | gerund | prince not said here | each | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | lie | gerund | a naked sword not said here | by prince | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by he=Location | ||||
| 5 | understand | past | prince | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 6 | form | must | the hall | the ante room | the chamber of some queen or princess | vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent room=Theme to chamber=Recipient | |||
| 7 | light | a lantern | nom light «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg128/38/2/