Old Indian Legends, The Toad and the Boy, sentence 39
Till the winter snow covered the ground and ice covered the lakes, the wailing woman's voice was heard from that solitary wigwam.
Who acts: winter snow, ice · What happens: cover, hear · To what, where: ground, lakes, voice, solitary wigwam
This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Toad and the Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (winter snow, ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Till | till | SCONJ | _ | 5 covered | mark |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 snow | det |
| 3 | winter | winter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 snow | compound |
| 4 | snow | snow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 covered | nsubj |
| 5 | covered | cover | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 heard | advcl |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 ground | det |
| 7 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 covered | obj |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 covered | cc |
| 9 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 covered | nsubj |
| 10 | covered | cover | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 covered | conj |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 lakes | det |
| 12 | lakes | lake | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 covered | obj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 covered | punct |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 woman | det |
| 15 | wailing | wailing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 woman | compound |
| 16 | woman | woman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 voice | nmod:poss |
| 17 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 16 woman | case |
| 18 | voice | voice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 heard | nsubj |
| 19 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 heard | aux:pass |
| 20 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 21 | from | from | ADP | _ | 24 wigwam | case |
| 22 | that | that | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 24 wigwam | det |
| 23 | solitary | solitary | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 wigwam | amod |
| 24 | wigwam | wigwam | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 heard | obl |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 20 heard | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cover | past | the winter snow | the ground | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme ground=Destination | ||||
| 2 | cover | past | ice | the lakes | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme lake=Destination | ||||
| 3 | hear | past · passive | the wailing woman's voice | that solitary wigwam | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Topic from wigwam=Source |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg338/12/39/