Old Indian Legends, Iktomi and the Muskrat, sentence 78

“Ha! ha!” laughed the muskrat, and leaning over the limb he sat upon, he let fall a small sharp bone which dropped right into Iktomi's throat.

Who acts: Iktomi, small sharp bone · What happens: laugh, lean, sit, fall, drop · To what, where: muskrat, limb, small sharp bone, throat

This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Muskrat. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Iktomi, small sharp bone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	“	"	PUNCT	_	7 laughed	punct
2	Ha	ha	INTJ	_	7 laughed	discourse
3	!	!	PUNCT	_	2 Ha	punct
4	ha	ha	INTJ	_	2 Ha	discourse
5	!	!	PUNCT	_	2 Ha	punct
6	”	"	PUNCT	_	2 Ha	punct
7	laughed	laugh	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	22 fall	csubj
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 muskrat	det
9	muskrat	muskrat	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 laughed	obj
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 leaning	punct
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 leaning	cc
12	leaning	lean	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 laughed	advcl
13	over	over	ADP	_	15 limb	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 limb	det
15	limb	limb	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 leaning	obl
16	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 sat	nsubj
17	sat	sit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	15 limb	acl:relcl
18	upon	upon	ADP	_	17 sat	obl
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 laughed	punct
20	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 fall	nsubj
21	let	let	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	22 fall	aux
22	fall	fall	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
23	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	26 bone	det
24	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 bone	amod
25	sharp	sharp	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 bone	amod
26	bone	bone	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 fall	obj
27	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	28 dropped	nsubj
28	dropped	drop	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	26 bone	acl:relcl
29	right	right	ADV	_	33 throat	advmod
30	into	into	ADP	_	33 throat	case
31	Iktomi	Iktomi	PROPN	Number=Sing	33 throat	nmod:poss
32	's	's	PART	_	31 Iktomi	case
33	throat	throat	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 dropped	obl
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	22 fall	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	laugh	past		the muskrat		vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent muskrat=Theme
2	lean	gerund			the limb	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over limb=Location
3	sit	past	Iktomi	the limb not said here		vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location limb=Theme
4	fall		Iktomi	a small sharp bone		vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient bone=Result
5	drop	past	a small sharp bone		Iktomi's throat	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into throat=Trajectory

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg338/4/78/