Old Indian Legends, The Tree-bound, sentence 108

The young man, stepping downward from limb to limb, hearing the low muttering, said: “Iktomi, I cannot hear what you say!”

Who acts: young man, you · What happens: step, limb, hear, say, not hear · To what, where: limb, low muttering · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Tree-bound. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (young man, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 man	det
2	young	young	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 man	amod
3	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 said	nsubj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 stepping	punct
5	stepping	step	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 man	acl
6	downward	downward	ADV	_	8 limb	advmod
7	from	from	ADP	_	8 limb	case
8	limb	limb	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 stepping	obj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 limb	mark
10	limb	limb	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 limb	acl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 hearing	punct
12	hearing	hear	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 stepping	conj
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 muttering	det
14	low	low	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 muttering	amod
15	muttering	muttering	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 hearing	obj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 man	punct
17	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
18	:	:	PUNCT	_	25 hear	punct
19	“	"	PUNCT	_	25 hear	punct
20	Iktomi	Iktomi	PROPN	Number=Sing	25 hear	vocative
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 Iktomi	punct
22	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	25 hear	nsubj
23	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	25 hear	aux
24	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	25 hear	advmod
25	hear	hear	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	17 said	ccomp
26	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	28 say	obj
27	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	28 say	nsubj
28	say	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	25 hear	ccomp
29	!	!	PUNCT	_	25 hear	punct
30	”	"	PUNCT	_	25 hear	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	step	gerund	the young man not said here	limb		vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location limb=Theme
2	limb	to-infinitive	the young man not said here	limb not said here		tree rules
3	hear	gerund	the young man not said here	the low muttering		vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer muttering=Stimulus
4	say speech: express	past	the young man			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
5	not hear in a quote	can	the young man = man		Iktomi vocative	vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
6	say speech: assert in a quote	present	you			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

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