Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 1, sentence 29
Secondly, the ballads or _bylíny_; epic songs in an ancient metre, narrating historical episodes as they occur; and also comprising a cycle of heroic romance, comparable with the _chansons de geste_ of Charlemagne, the cycles of Finn and Cuchúlain of the Irish, and possibly with the little minor epics out of which it is supposed that some supreme Greek genius built up the artistic epics of the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Who acts: episodes, ballads, some, supreme Greek genius · What happens: narrate, occur, comprise, suppose, genius, build up · To what, where: historical episodes, cycle, little minor epics, artistic epics, ballads
This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (episodes, ballads, some, supreme Greek genius), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Secondly | secondly | ADV | _ | 4 ballads | advmod |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Secondly | punct |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 ballads | det |
| 4 | ballads | ballad | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 5 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 7 bylíny | cc |
| 6 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 7 bylíny | punct |
| 7 | bylíny | bylíny | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 ballads | conj |
| 8 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 7 bylíny | punct |
| 9 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 11 songs | punct |
| 10 | epic | epic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 songs | amod |
| 11 | songs | song | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 ballads | conj |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 metre | case |
| 13 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 metre | det |
| 14 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 metre | amod |
| 15 | metre | metre | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 songs | nmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 narrating | punct |
| 17 | narrating | narrate | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 11 songs | conj |
| 18 | historical | historical | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 episodes | amod |
| 19 | episodes | episode | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 narrating | obj |
| 20 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 22 occur | mark |
| 21 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 occur | nsubj |
| 22 | occur | occur | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 narrating | advcl |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 comprising | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 comprising | cc |
| 25 | also | also | ADV | _ | 26 comprising | advmod |
| 26 | comprising | comprise | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 4 ballads | acl |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 cycle | det |
| 28 | cycle | cycle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 comprising | obj |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 romance | case |
| 30 | heroic | heroic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 romance | amod |
| 31 | romance | romance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 cycle | nmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 comparable | punct |
| 33 | comparable | comparable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 romance | amod |
| 34 | with | with | ADP | _ | 37 chansons | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 chansons | det |
| 36 | _ | _ | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 chansons | amod |
| 37 | chansons | chanson | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 comparable | obl |
| 38 | de | de | ADP | _ | 39 geste | case |
| 39 | geste | geste | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 chansons | nmod |
| 40 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 42 Charlemagne | punct |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 42 Charlemagne | case |
| 42 | Charlemagne | Charlemagne | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 comprising | obl |
| 43 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 45 cycles | punct |
| 44 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 45 cycles | det |
| 45 | cycles | cycle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 Charlemagne | conj |
| 46 | of | of | ADP | _ | 47 Finn | case |
| 47 | Finn | Finn | PROPN | Number=Sing | 45 cycles | nmod |
| 48 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 49 Cuchúlain | cc |
| 49 | Cuchúlain | Cuchúlain | PROPN | Number=Sing | 47 Finn | conj |
| 50 | of | of | ADP | _ | 52 Irish | case |
| 51 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 52 Irish | det |
| 52 | Irish | Irish | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 49 Cuchúlain | nmod |
| 53 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 60 epics | punct |
| 54 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 60 epics | cc |
| 55 | possibly | possibly | ADV | _ | 60 epics | advmod |
| 56 | with | with | ADP | _ | 60 epics | case |
| 57 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 60 epics | det |
| 58 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 60 epics | amod |
| 59 | minor | minor | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 60 epics | amod |
| 60 | epics | epic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 Charlemagne | appos |
| 61 | out | out | ADP | _ | 63 which | case |
| 62 | of | of | ADP | _ | 63 which | case |
| 63 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 66 supposed | obl |
| 64 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 66 supposed | nsubj:pass |
| 65 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 66 supposed | aux:pass |
| 66 | supposed | suppose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 60 epics | parataxis |
| 67 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 71 genius | mark |
| 68 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 71 genius | nsubj |
| 69 | supreme | supreme | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 71 genius | amod |
| 70 | Greek | Greek | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 71 genius | amod |
| 71 | genius | genius | NOUN | Number=Sing | 66 supposed | xcomp |
| 72 | built | build | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 71 genius | acl |
| 73 | up | up | ADP | _ | 72 built | compound:prt |
| 74 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 76 epics | det |
| 75 | artistic | artistic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 76 epics | amod |
| 76 | epics | epic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 72 built | obj |
| 77 | of | of | ADP | _ | 79 Iliad | case |
| 78 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 79 Iliad | det |
| 79 | Iliad | Iliad | PROPN | Number=Sing | 76 epics | nmod |
| 80 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 82 Odyssey | cc |
| 81 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 82 Odyssey | det |
| 82 | Odyssey | Odyssey | PROPN | Number=Sing | 79 Iliad | conj |
| 83 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 ballads | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | narrate speech: other | gerund | historical episodes | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent episode=Topic | |||||
| 2 | occur | present | episodes = episode | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 3 | comprise | gerund | the ballads or bylíny and epic songs in a ancient metre not said here | a cycle of heroic romance | of Charlemagne and the cycles of Finn and Cuchúlain of the Irish | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme cycle=Pivot | |||
| 4 | suppose | present · passive | cycle | the little minor epics | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute | ||||
| 5 | genius | some | tree rules | ||||||
| 6 | build up | participle | supreme Greek genius not said here | the artistic epics of the Iliad and the Odyssey | vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer epic=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/1/29/