Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 39, sentence 132
“Sunk in the slime they utter: ‘Loth were we, In sweet air sullen, which the sun makes glad, Our souls besmirched with dull reluctancy: Now in this black morass, our hearts are sad.’”
Who acts: attristiam, sun, hearts · What happens: utter, be, make, besmirch · To what, where: Loth, slime, we, glad souls, black morass
This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 39. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (attristiam, sun, hearts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Sunk | punct |
| 2 | Sunk | Sunk | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 utter | vocative |
| 3 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 slime | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 slime | det |
| 5 | slime | slime | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 utter | obl |
| 6 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 utter | nsubj |
| 7 | utter | utter | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 7 utter | punct |
| 9 | ‘ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 10 Loth | punct |
| 10 | Loth | Loth | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 utter | obj |
| 11 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 we | cop |
| 12 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 10 Loth | conj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 air | punct |
| 14 | In | in | ADP | _ | 16 air | case |
| 15 | sweet | sweet | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 air | amod |
| 16 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 Loth | appos |
| 17 | sullen | sullen | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 air | amod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 makes | punct |
| 19 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 22 makes | obj |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 sun | det |
| 21 | sun | sun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 makes | nsubj |
| 22 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 Loth | parataxis |
| 23 | glad | glad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 souls | amod |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 souls | punct |
| 25 | Our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 26 souls | nmod:poss |
| 26 | souls | soul | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 makes | obj |
| 27 | besmirched | besmirch | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 26 souls | acl |
| 28 | with | with | ADP | _ | 30 reluctancy | case |
| 29 | dull | dull | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 reluctancy | amod |
| 30 | reluctancy | reluctancy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 besmirched | obl |
| 31 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 41 sad | punct |
| 32 | Now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 41 sad | advmod |
| 33 | in | in | ADP | _ | 36 morass | case |
| 34 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 36 morass | det |
| 35 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 morass | amod |
| 36 | morass | morass | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 sad | obl |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 morass | punct |
| 38 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 39 hearts | nmod:poss |
| 39 | hearts | heart | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 sad | nsubj |
| 40 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 41 sad | cop |
| 41 | sad | sad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 makes | parataxis |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 41 sad | punct |
| 43 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 41 sad | punct |
| 44 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 Loth | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | utter speech: other in a quote | present | attristiam | Loth | the slime | Sunk vocative | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent loth=Topic | ||
| 2 | is a in a quote | past | attristiam not said here | we | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | make in a quote | present | the sun | Loth | Our glad souls obj | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset which=Beneficiary soul=Product | |||
| 4 | besmirch in a quote | participle | Our glad souls not said here | with dull reluctancy | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | is in a quote | present | our hearts | this black morass | now | sad property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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