Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 40, sentence 66
First of all the most ancient is that which occurs in the Word of Igor’s Armament, in which the word Koshchéy is used for a warrior of the hostile Pólovtsy; and, when Igor is said to be put on a Koshchéy saddle, it means he is taken into captivity.
Who acts: it · What happens: be, occur, use, say, put, mean · To what, where: Word, Igor, Koshchéy saddle, captivity · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 40. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (it), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | First | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 6 ancient | advmod |
| 2 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 6 ancient | mark |
| 3 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 6 ancient | det:predet |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 ancient | det |
| 5 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 6 ancient | advmod |
| 6 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 7 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 ancient | cop |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 10 occurs | mark |
| 9 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 10 occurs | nsubj |
| 10 | occurs | occur | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 is | advcl |
| 11 | in | in | ADP | _ | 13 Word | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 Word | det |
| 13 | Word | Word | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 occurs | obj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 Armament | case |
| 15 | Igor | Igor | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 Armament | nmod:poss |
| 16 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 15 Igor | case |
| 17 | Armament | Armament | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 Word | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 used | punct |
| 19 | in | in | ADP | _ | 20 which | case |
| 20 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 25 used | obl |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 word | det |
| 22 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 used | nsubj:pass |
| 23 | Koshchéy | Koshchéy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 word | appos |
| 24 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 used | aux:pass |
| 25 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 13 Word | acl |
| 26 | for | for | ADP | _ | 28 warrior | case |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 warrior | det |
| 28 | warrior | warrior | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 used | obl |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 hostile | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 hostile | det |
| 31 | hostile | hostile | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 warrior | nmod |
| 32 | Pólovtsy | Pólovtsy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 hostile | appos |
| 33 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 39 said | punct |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 said | cc |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 said | punct |
| 36 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 39 said | advmod |
| 37 | Igor | Igor | PROPN | Number=Sing | 39 said | nsubj |
| 38 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 said | aux:pass |
| 39 | said | say | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 ancient | conj |
| 40 | to | to | PART | _ | 42 put | mark |
| 41 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 42 put | aux:pass |
| 42 | put | put | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 39 said | xcomp |
| 43 | on | on | ADP | _ | 46 saddle | case |
| 44 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 46 saddle | det |
| 45 | Koshchéy | Koshchéy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 46 saddle | compound |
| 46 | saddle | saddle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 put | obl |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 49 means | punct |
| 48 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 49 means | nsubj |
| 49 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 ancient | parataxis |
| 50 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 52 taken | nsubj |
| 51 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 52 taken | aux:pass |
| 52 | taken | take | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 49 means | ccomp |
| 53 | into | into | ADP | _ | 54 captivity | case |
| 54 | captivity | captivity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 taken | obl |
| 55 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 ancient | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | ancient, first property | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | occur | present | the Word of Igor's Armament | which nsubj | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | use | present · passive | the word | the Word of Igor's Armament | for a warrior of the hostile | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for warrior=Eventuality | |||
| 4 | say speech: assert | present · passive | Igor | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | put | to-infinitive · passive | a Koshchéy saddle | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: on saddle=Destination | |||||
| 6 | mean | present | it | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 7 | take | present · passive | Igor | captivity | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme into captivity=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/40/66/