The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 14, sentence 17
When he returned, the fairy, to whom he always before had appeared with a gay countenance, at once observed his melancholy, and asked the cause of the change she perceived in him.
Who acts: Ahmed, fairy · What happens: return, appear, observe, ask, perceive, cause · To what, where: fairy, melancholy, cause, change
This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ahmed, fairy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 3 returned | advmod |
| 2 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 returned | nsubj |
| 3 | returned | return | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 fairy | punct |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 fairy | det |
| 6 | fairy | fairy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 returned | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 whom | punct |
| 8 | to | to | ADP | _ | 9 whom | case |
| 9 | whom | whom | PRON | PronType=Rel | 3 returned | obl |
| 10 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 appeared | nsubj |
| 11 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 14 appeared | advmod |
| 12 | before | before | ADV | _ | 14 appeared | advmod |
| 13 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 appeared | aux |
| 14 | appeared | appear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 9 whom | acl:relcl |
| 15 | with | with | ADP | _ | 18 countenance | case |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 countenance | det |
| 17 | gay | gay | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 countenance | amod |
| 18 | countenance | countenance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 appeared | obl |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 observed | punct |
| 20 | at | at | SCONJ | _ | 22 observed | mark |
| 21 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 22 observed | advmod |
| 22 | observed | observe | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 appeared | parataxis |
| 23 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 24 melancholy | nmod:poss |
| 24 | melancholy | melancholy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 observed | obj |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 asked | punct |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 asked | cc |
| 27 | asked | ask | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 22 observed | conj |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 cause | det |
| 29 | cause | cause | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 asked | obj |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 32 change | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 change | det |
| 32 | change | change | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 cause | nmod |
| 33 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 34 perceived | nsubj |
| 34 | perceived | perceive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 change | acl:relcl |
| 35 | in | in | ADP | _ | 36 him | case |
| 36 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 34 perceived | obl |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 returned | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | return | past | Ahmed | the fairy | whom obl | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Patient to whom=Result | |||
| 2 | appear | past · perfect | Ahmed | with a gay countenance; always, before property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | observe | past | Ahmed's melancholy | once property | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent melancholy=Topic | ||||
| 4 | ask speech: ask | past | the cause of the change | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent cause=Recipient | |||||
| 5 | perceive | past | fairy | the change not said here | in Ahmed | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer change=Stimulus | |||
| 6 | cause | the change | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg65965/14/17/