The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 23, sentence 25
While he was far away the cloud-cave looked like a dark hole in the midst of a soft woolly mass, such as one sees in the sky on an April day; but as he came nearer he found the cloud was as hard as a rock, and covered with a kind of dry, white grass.
Who acts: dragon, one, cloud · What happens: be, look, see, come, find, cover · To what, where: cloud cave, soft woolly mass, sky · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 23. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dragon, one, cloud), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | While | while | SCONJ | _ | 5 away | mark |
| 2 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 away | nsubj |
| 3 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 away | cop |
| 4 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 5 away | advmod |
| 5 | away | away | ADV | _ | root | root |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 cave | det |
| 7 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 cave | compound |
| 8 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 7 cloud | punct |
| 9 | cave | cave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 away | nsubj |
| 10 | looked | look | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 cave | acl |
| 11 | like | like | ADP | _ | 14 hole | case |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 hole | det |
| 13 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 hole | amod |
| 14 | hole | hole | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 looked | obl |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 17 midst | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 midst | det |
| 17 | midst | midst | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 hole | nmod |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 mass | case |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 mass | det |
| 20 | soft | soft | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 mass | amod |
| 21 | woolly | woolly | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 mass | amod |
| 22 | mass | mass | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 midst | nmod |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 sees | punct |
| 24 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=SCONJ | 27 sees | mark |
| 25 | as | as | ADP | _ | 24 such | fixed |
| 26 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 27 sees | nsubj |
| 27 | sees | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 mass | acl:relcl |
| 28 | in | in | ADP | _ | 30 sky | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 sky | det |
| 30 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 sees | obl |
| 31 | on | on | ADP | _ | 34 day | case |
| 32 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 day | det |
| 33 | April | April | PROPN | Number=Sing | 34 day | compound |
| 34 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 sees | obl |
| 35 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 42 found | punct |
| 36 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 42 found | cc |
| 37 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 39 came | mark |
| 38 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 39 came | nsubj |
| 39 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 42 found | advcl |
| 40 | nearer | near | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 39 came | advmod |
| 41 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 42 found | nsubj |
| 42 | found | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 away | parataxis |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 cloud | det |
| 44 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 hard | nsubj |
| 45 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 47 hard | cop |
| 46 | as | as | ADV | _ | 47 hard | advmod |
| 47 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 found | ccomp |
| 48 | as | as | ADP | _ | 50 rock | case |
| 49 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 50 rock | det |
| 50 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 hard | obl |
| 51 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 53 covered | punct |
| 52 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 53 covered | cc |
| 53 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 47 hard | conj |
| 54 | with | with | ADP | _ | 56 kind | case |
| 55 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 56 kind | det |
| 56 | kind | kind | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 covered | obl |
| 57 | of | of | ADP | _ | 61 grass | case |
| 58 | dry | dry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 61 grass | amod |
| 59 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 58 dry | punct |
| 60 | white | white | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 61 grass | amod |
| 61 | grass | grass | NOUN | Number=Sing | 56 kind | nmod |
| 62 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 away | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | dragon | the cloud cave nsubj; away, far property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | look | participle | the cloud cave not said here | like a dark hole in the midst of a soft woolly mass | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 3 | see | present | one | a soft woolly mass not said here | the sky | day | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer mass=Stimulus | ||
| 4 | come | past | dragon | near property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | find | past | dragon | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | is | past | the cloud | as a rock; hard property | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | cover | participle | the cloud not said here | with a kind of dry white grass | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with kind=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg65965/23/25/