Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose, Opening, part 8, sentence 12
Helmet on head and lance in hand, he came up to the rough dwelling, when he heard over the high hill beyond the brook, as it were in a bank, a wondrous fierce noise, that rang in the cliff as if it would cleave asunder. ’
Who acts: Helmet, luck, wondrous fierce noise · What happens: come up, hear, be, ring, cleave · To what, where: rough dwelling, high hill, bank, wondrous fierce noise, cliff, asunder
This is a sentence of «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Opening, part 8. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Helmet, luck, wondrous fierce noise), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Helmet | helmet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 came | nsubj |
| 2 | on | on | ADP | _ | 3 head | case |
| 3 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Helmet | nmod |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 lance | cc |
| 5 | lance | lance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 head | conj |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 hand | case |
| 7 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 lance | nmod |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 came | punct |
| 9 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 came | nsubj |
| 10 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | up | up | ADV | _ | 10 came | advmod |
| 12 | to | to | ADP | _ | 15 dwelling | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 dwelling | det |
| 14 | rough | rough | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 dwelling | amod |
| 15 | dwelling | dwelling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 came | obl |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 heard | punct |
| 17 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 19 heard | advmod |
| 18 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 heard | nsubj |
| 19 | heard | hear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 dwelling | acl:relcl |
| 20 | over | over | ADP | _ | 23 hill | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 hill | det |
| 22 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 hill | amod |
| 23 | hill | hill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 heard | obl |
| 24 | beyond | beyond | ADP | _ | 26 brook | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 brook | det |
| 26 | brook | brook | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 heard | obl |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 bank | punct |
| 28 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 33 bank | mark |
| 29 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 bank | nsubj |
| 30 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 bank | cop |
| 31 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 bank | case |
| 32 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 33 bank | det |
| 33 | bank | bank | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 heard | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 noise | punct |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 noise | det |
| 36 | wondrous | wondrous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 noise | amod |
| 37 | fierce | fierce | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 noise | amod |
| 38 | noise | noise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 bank | conj |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 rang | punct |
| 40 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 41 rang | nsubj |
| 41 | rang | ring | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 38 noise | acl:relcl |
| 42 | in | in | ADP | _ | 44 cliff | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 cliff | det |
| 44 | cliff | cliff | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 rang | obl |
| 45 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 49 cleave | mark |
| 46 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 49 cleave | mark |
| 47 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 49 cleave | nsubj |
| 48 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 49 cleave | aux |
| 49 | cleave | cleave | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 41 rang | advcl |
| 50 | asunder | asunder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 49 cleave | obj |
| 51 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 came | punct |
| 52 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 10 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come up | past | Helmet on head and lance in hand | the rough dwelling | luck nsubj | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to dwelling=Initial_Location | |||
| 2 | hear | past | luck | the high hill | beyond the brook | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer | |||
| 3 | is | past | Helmet | a bank and a wondrous fierce noise | a wondrous fierce noise conj | tree rules | |||
| 4 | ring | past | a wondrous fierce noise | a wondrous fierce noise not said here | the cliff | vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location noise=Theme | |||
| 5 | cleave | would | Helmet | asunder | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent asunder=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Project Gutenberg book 66084 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66084/8/12/