Hawaiian Historical Legends, In the Days of Kahahana, 1782, sentence 2
Fornander in his “Account of the Polynesian Race” says: “One of the legends relates that Paumakua, on his return from one of his foreign voyages, brought back with him to Oahu two white men said to have been priests A-ua-ka-hinu and A-ua-ka-mea, afterwards named Kae-kae and Ma-liu, from whom several priestly families in after ages claimed descent and authority.”
Who acts: Fornander, One, two white men, several priestly families, Paumakua · What happens: say, relate, bring back, be, name, claim · To what, where: Paumakua, return, Oahu, priests, Kae kae, descent · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, In the Days of Kahahana, 1782. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fornander, One, two white men, several priestly families), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fornander | Fornander | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 says | nsubj |
| 2 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 Account | case |
| 3 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 Account | nmod:poss |
| 4 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 Account | punct |
| 5 | Account | account | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Fornander | nmod |
| 6 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 Race | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 Race | det |
| 8 | Polynesian | polynesian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 Race | amod |
| 9 | Race | race | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 Account | nmod |
| 10 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 1 Fornander | punct |
| 11 | says | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 12 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 18 relates | punct |
| 13 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 relates | punct |
| 14 | One | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 18 relates | nsubj |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 legends | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 legends | det |
| 17 | legends | legend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 One | nmod |
| 18 | relates | relate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 says | ccomp |
| 19 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 20 Paumakua | mark |
| 20 | Paumakua | Paumakua | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 relates | obl |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 return | punct |
| 22 | on | on | ADP | _ | 24 return | case |
| 23 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 24 return | nmod:poss |
| 24 | return | return | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 relates | obl |
| 25 | from | from | ADP | _ | 26 one | case |
| 26 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 24 return | nmod |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 voyages | case |
| 28 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 30 voyages | nmod:poss |
| 29 | foreign | foreign | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 voyages | amod |
| 30 | voyages | voyage | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 one | nmod |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 brought | punct |
| 32 | brought | bring | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 relates | conj |
| 33 | back | back | ADV | _ | 32 brought | advmod |
| 34 | with | with | ADP | _ | 35 him | case |
| 35 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 brought | obl |
| 36 | to | to | ADP | _ | 37 Oahu | case |
| 37 | Oahu | Oahu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 brought | obl |
| 38 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 40 men | nummod |
| 39 | white | white | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 men | amod |
| 40 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 said | nsubj |
| 41 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 brought | parataxis |
| 42 | to | to | PART | _ | 45 priests | mark |
| 43 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 45 priests | aux |
| 44 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 45 priests | cop |
| 45 | priests | priest | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 said | ccomp |
| 46 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 52 hinu | det |
| 47 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 46 A | punct |
| 48 | ua | ua | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 hinu | compound |
| 49 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 48 ua | punct |
| 50 | ka | ka | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 hinu | compound |
| 51 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 52 hinu | punct |
| 52 | hinu | hinu | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 priests | nmod |
| 53 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 60 mea | cc |
| 54 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 60 mea | det |
| 55 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 54 A | punct |
| 56 | ua | ua | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 mea | compound |
| 57 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 56 ua | punct |
| 58 | ka | ka | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 mea | compound |
| 59 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 60 mea | punct |
| 60 | mea | mea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 hinu | conj |
| 61 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 63 named | punct |
| 62 | afterwards | afterwards | ADV | _ | 63 named | advmod |
| 63 | named | name | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 52 hinu | parataxis |
| 64 | Kae | Kae | PROPN | Number=Sing | 66 kae | compound |
| 65 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 66 kae | punct |
| 66 | kae | kae | NOUN | Number=Sing | 63 named | xcomp |
| 67 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 70 liu | cc |
| 68 | Ma | Ma | PROPN | Number=Sing | 70 liu | compound |
| 69 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 68 Ma | punct |
| 70 | liu | liu | NOUN | Number=Sing | 66 kae | conj |
| 71 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 80 claimed | punct |
| 72 | from | from | ADP | _ | 73 whom | case |
| 73 | whom | whom | PRON | PronType=Rel | 80 claimed | obl |
| 74 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 76 families | amod |
| 75 | priestly | priestly | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 76 families | amod |
| 76 | families | family | NOUN | Number=Plur | 80 claimed | nsubj |
| 77 | in | in | ADP | _ | 79 ages | case |
| 78 | after | after | ADP | _ | 79 ages | case |
| 79 | ages | age | NOUN | Number=Plur | 76 families | nmod |
| 80 | claimed | claim | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 63 named | conj |
| 81 | descent | descent | NOUN | Number=Sing | 80 claimed | obj |
| 82 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 83 authority | cc |
| 83 | authority | authority | NOUN | Number=Sing | 81 descent | conj |
| 84 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 52 hinu | punct |
| 85 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 says | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | present | Fornander in Fornander's Account of the Polynesian Race | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | relate in a quote | present | One of the legends | Paumakua | Paumakua's return from one of Paumakua's foreign voyages | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme | |||
| 3 | bring back in a quote | past | One of the legends not said here | Oahu | with Paumakua | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent to oahu=Destination | |||
| 4 | say speech: assert in a quote | past | two white men | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | is a in a quote | to-infinitive · perfect | priests | a ua ka hinu and a ua ka mea nmod | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | name in a quote | participle | Kae kae and Ma liu | afterwards property | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 7 | claim speech: other in a quote | past | several priestly families in ages | descent and authority | whom obl | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent descent=Topic | |||
| 8 | account in a quote | Fornander | the Polynesian Race | nom account «communication transitive»: poss=agent of=patient | |||||
| 9 | return in a quote | Paumakua | nom return «communication intransitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 10 | voyage in a quote | Paumakua | nom voyage «act transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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