Hawaiian Historical Legends, In the Days of Kahahana, 1782, sentence 51
He called out to his son: “I nui ke aho a moe i ke kai (it is far better to sleep in the sea), no ke kai ka hoi ua aina” (for from the sea shall come the life of the land).
Who acts: son, it, nui · What happens: call out, ke, be, sleep, aina, come · To what, where: son, moe, sea, life · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, In the Days of Kahahana, 1782. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (son, it, nui), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 called | nsubj |
| 2 | called | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | out | out | ADP | _ | 2 called | compound:prt |
| 4 | to | to | ADP | _ | 6 son | case |
| 5 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 son | nmod:poss |
| 6 | son | son | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 called | obl |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 nui | punct |
| 8 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 nui | punct |
| 9 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 10 nui | nsubj |
| 10 | nui | nui | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 aina | nsubj |
| 11 | ke | ke | X | Foreign=Yes | 10 nui | flat:foreign |
| 12 | aho | aho | ADP | _ | 14 moe | case |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 moe | det |
| 14 | moe | moe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 nui | nmod |
| 15 | i | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 16 ke | nsubj |
| 16 | ke | ke | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 moe | acl:relcl |
| 17 | kai | kai | X | Foreign=Yes | 10 nui | conj |
| 18 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 22 better | punct |
| 19 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 better | nsubj |
| 20 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 better | cop |
| 21 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 22 better | advmod |
| 22 | better | good | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 17 kai | parataxis |
| 23 | to | to | PART | _ | 24 sleep | mark |
| 24 | sleep | sleep | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 better | csubj |
| 25 | in | in | ADP | _ | 27 sea | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 sea | det |
| 27 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 sleep | obl |
| 28 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 22 better | punct |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 ke | punct |
| 30 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 31 ke | det |
| 31 | ke | ke | X | Foreign=Yes | 10 nui | conj |
| 32 | kai | kai | X | Foreign=Yes | 10 nui | flat:foreign |
| 33 | ka | ka | X | Foreign=Yes | 10 nui | flat:foreign |
| 34 | hoi | hoi | X | Foreign=Yes | 10 nui | flat:foreign |
| 35 | ua | ua | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 aina | compound |
| 36 | aina | aina | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 called | parataxis |
| 37 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 36 aina | punct |
| 38 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 44 come | punct |
| 39 | for | for | ADP | _ | 42 sea | case |
| 40 | from | from | ADP | _ | 42 sea | case |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 sea | det |
| 42 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 come | obl |
| 43 | shall | shall | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 44 come | aux |
| 44 | come | come | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 2 called | parataxis |
| 45 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 46 life | det |
| 46 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 come | obj |
| 47 | of | of | ADP | _ | 49 land | case |
| 48 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 49 land | det |
| 49 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 life | nmod |
| 50 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 44 come | punct |
| 51 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 called | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | call out speech: assert | past | son | son's son | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient that S»: agent=Agent to son=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 2 | ke in a quote | past | son | a moe not said here | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | is in a quote | present | it | far, good property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | sleep in a quote | to-infinitive | the sea | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in sea=Location | |||||
| 5 | aina in a quote | nui I aho a moe | tree rules | ||||||
| 6 | come | shall | the life of the land | for the sea | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location life=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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