Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Eight of Oahu, sentence 23
Those who have known the Waikiki beach of to-day with its splendidly wooded shores, the luxuriant park inland, the plains covered with trees, and the lower mountain ridges choked with lantana bushes, cannot realise the desolate wastes of the past.
Who acts: lower mountain ridges · What happens: know, wood, cover, choke, not realise, desolate · To what, where: Waikiki beach, plains, lower mountain ridges, desolate wastes, Those
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Eight of Oahu. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lower mountain ridges), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Those | that | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | root | root |
| 2 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 4 known | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 known | aux |
| 4 | known | know | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 1 Those | acl:relcl |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 beach | det |
| 6 | Waikiki | Waikiki | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 beach | compound |
| 7 | beach | beach | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 known | obj |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 day | case |
| 9 | to | to | ADP | _ | 11 day | case |
| 10 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 9 to | punct |
| 11 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 beach | nmod |
| 12 | with | with | ADP | _ | 16 shores | case |
| 13 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 16 shores | nmod:poss |
| 14 | splendidly | splendidly | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 shores | amod |
| 15 | wooded | wood | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 shores | amod |
| 16 | shores | shore | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 day | nmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 park | punct |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 park | det |
| 19 | luxuriant | luxuriant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 park | amod |
| 20 | park | park | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 shores | appos |
| 21 | inland | inland | ADV | _ | 20 park | advmod |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 plains | punct |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 plains | det |
| 24 | plains | plain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 park | conj |
| 25 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 plains | acl |
| 26 | with | with | ADP | _ | 27 trees | case |
| 27 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 covered | obl |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 realise | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 realise | cc |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 ridges | det |
| 31 | lower | low | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 33 ridges | amod |
| 32 | mountain | mountain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 ridges | compound |
| 33 | ridges | ridge | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 realise | nsubj |
| 34 | choked | choke | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 33 ridges | acl |
| 35 | with | with | ADP | _ | 37 bushes | case |
| 36 | lantana | lantana | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 bushes | compound |
| 37 | bushes | bush | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 choked | obl |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 ridges | punct |
| 39 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 41 realise | aux |
| 40 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 41 realise | advmod |
| 41 | realise | realise | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 1 Those | parataxis |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 wastes | det |
| 43 | desolate | desolate | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 44 wastes | compound |
| 44 | wastes | waste | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 realise | obj |
| 45 | of | of | ADP | _ | 47 past | case |
| 46 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 47 past | det |
| 47 | past | past | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 wastes | nmod |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 41 realise | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | know | present · perfect · passive | the Waikiki beach of day with chance's splendidly wooded shores | who nsubj:pass | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | wood | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | cover | participle | the plains not said here | with trees | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with tree=Theme | ||||
| 4 | choke | participle | the lower mountain ridges not said here | with lantana bushes | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with bush=Theme | ||||
| 5 | not realise | can | the lower mountain ridges | the desolate wastes of the past | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | desolate | infinitive | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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