Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Opening, sentence 13
These islands appear to have been built by overflows of lava from a curved crack which followed along the old rampart, just as we now find smoke-cracks along the small ramparts which restrain the hot lavas in Halemaumau in the pit of Kilauea.
Who acts: islands, overflows, curved crack, we, small ramparts, lava · What happens: appear, build, curve, follow, find, restrain · To what, where: curved crack, old rampart, smoke cracks, hot lavas, Halemaumau
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (islands, overflows, curved crack, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | These | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 2 islands | det |
| 2 | islands | island | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 appear | nsubj |
| 3 | appear | appear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | PART | _ | 7 built | mark |
| 5 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 7 built | aux |
| 6 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 7 built | aux:pass |
| 7 | built | build | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 appear | advcl |
| 8 | by | by | ADP | _ | 9 overflows | case |
| 9 | overflows | overflow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 built | obl |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 lava | case |
| 11 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 overflows | nmod |
| 12 | from | from | ADP | _ | 15 crack | case |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 crack | det |
| 14 | curved | curve | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 crack | amod |
| 15 | crack | crack | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 built | obl |
| 16 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 17 followed | nsubj |
| 17 | followed | follow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 crack | acl:relcl |
| 18 | along | along | ADP | _ | 21 rampart | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 rampart | det |
| 20 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 rampart | amod |
| 21 | rampart | rampart | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 followed | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 find | punct |
| 23 | just | just | ADV | _ | 27 find | advmod |
| 24 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 27 find | mark |
| 25 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 27 find | nsubj |
| 26 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 27 find | advmod |
| 27 | find | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 appear | conj |
| 28 | smoke | smoke | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 cracks | compound |
| 29 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 28 smoke | punct |
| 30 | cracks | crack | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 find | obj |
| 31 | along | along | ADP | _ | 34 ramparts | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 ramparts | det |
| 33 | small | small | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 ramparts | amod |
| 34 | ramparts | rampart | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 find | obl |
| 35 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 36 restrain | nsubj |
| 36 | restrain | restrain | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 ramparts | acl:relcl |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 lavas | det |
| 38 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 lavas | amod |
| 39 | lavas | lava | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 restrain | obj |
| 40 | in | in | ADP | _ | 41 Halemaumau | case |
| 41 | Halemaumau | Halemaumau | PROPN | Number=Sing | 39 lavas | nmod |
| 42 | in | in | ADP | _ | 44 pit | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 pit | det |
| 44 | pit | pit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 restrain | obl |
| 45 | of | of | ADP | _ | 46 Kilauea | case |
| 46 | Kilauea | Kilauea | PROPN | Number=Sing | 44 pit | nmod |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 appear | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | appear | present | this islands | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | build | to-infinitive · perfect · passive | overflows of lava | a curved crack | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from crack=Material | ||||
| 3 | curve | participle | vn knead-26.5 «NP.material V PP.product»: agent=Material | ||||||
| 4 | follow | past | a curved crack | the old rampart | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme along rampart=Location | ||||
| 5 | find | present | we | smoke cracks | now | along the small ramparts | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crack=Topic | ||
| 6 | restrain | present | the small ramparts | the hot lavas | Halemaumau | in the pit of Kilauea | vn discourage-64.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer lava=Eventuality | ||
| 7 | overflow | lava | nom overflow «act intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/1/13/