Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Opening, sentence 47
The general rule, then, is that the accent falls on the penult; but there are many exceptions and some words which look the same to the eye take on entirely different meanings by different tones, accents, or inflections.
Who acts: general rule, words, many exceptions · What happens: be, look, take on · To what, where: penult, same, different meanings
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (general rule, words, many exceptions), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 rule | det |
| 2 | general | general | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 rule | amod |
| 3 | rule | rule | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 falls | nsubj |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 rule | punct |
| 5 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 11 falls | advmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 then | punct |
| 7 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 falls | cop |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 11 falls | mark |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 accent | det |
| 10 | accent | accent | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 falls | nsubj |
| 11 | falls | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 12 | on | on | ADP | _ | 14 penult | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 penult | det |
| 14 | penult | penult | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 falls | obl |
| 15 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 18 are | punct |
| 16 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 18 are | cc |
| 17 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 18 are | expl |
| 18 | are | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 falls | conj |
| 19 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 exceptions | amod |
| 20 | exceptions | exception | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 take | nsubj |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 words | cc |
| 22 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 23 words | det |
| 23 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 exceptions | conj |
| 24 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 25 look | nsubj |
| 25 | look | look | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 words | acl:relcl |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 same | det |
| 27 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 look | obj |
| 28 | to | to | ADP | _ | 30 eye | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 eye | det |
| 30 | eye | eye | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 look | obl |
| 31 | take | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 are | ccomp |
| 32 | on | on | ADP | _ | 31 take | compound:prt |
| 33 | entirely | entirely | ADV | _ | 34 different | advmod |
| 34 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 meanings | amod |
| 35 | meanings | meaning | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 take | obj |
| 36 | by | by | ADP | _ | 38 tones | case |
| 37 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 tones | amod |
| 38 | tones | tone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 take | obl |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 accents | punct |
| 40 | accents | accent | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 tones | conj |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 43 inflections | punct |
| 42 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 43 inflections | cc |
| 43 | inflections | inflection | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 tones | conj |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 11 falls | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | the general rule | the penult | then | the accent nsubj; fall property | tree rules | ||
| 2 | be | present | the general rule not said here | there | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | look | present | some words | the same | to the eye | vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme same=Attribute | |||
| 4 | take on | present | many exceptions and some words | different meanings | by different tones and accents or inflections | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meaning=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/1/47/