Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons, sentence 4
Through a multitude of cracks and holes, out of which poured fumes of foul gases, she threaded her way until she stood on the highest plateau of lava the volcano had been able to build.
Who acts: Hiiaka, volcano, foul gases · What happens: pour, thread, stand, be, build, fume · To what, where: fumes, multitude, way, highest plateau, lava
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hiiaka, volcano, foul gases), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Through | through | ADP | _ | 3 multitude | case |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 multitude | det |
| 3 | multitude | multitude | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 poured | obl |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 cracks | case |
| 5 | cracks | crack | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 multitude | nmod |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 holes | cc |
| 7 | holes | hole | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 cracks | conj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 poured | punct |
| 9 | out | out | ADP | _ | 11 which | case |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 which | case |
| 11 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 poured | nsubj |
| 12 | poured | pour | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 13 | fumes | fume | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 poured | obj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 gases | case |
| 15 | foul | foul | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 gases | compound |
| 16 | gases | gas | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 fumes | nmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 threaded | punct |
| 18 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 threaded | nsubj |
| 19 | threaded | thread | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 poured | conj |
| 20 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 way | nmod:poss |
| 21 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 threaded | obj |
| 22 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 24 stood | mark |
| 23 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 stood | nsubj |
| 24 | stood | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 threaded | advcl |
| 25 | on | on | ADP | _ | 28 plateau | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 plateau | det |
| 27 | highest | high | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 28 plateau | amod |
| 28 | plateau | plateau | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 stood | obl |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 lava | case |
| 30 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 plateau | nmod |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 volcano | det |
| 32 | volcano | volcano | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 able | nsubj |
| 33 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 able | aux |
| 34 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 35 able | cop |
| 35 | able | able | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 lava | acl:relcl |
| 36 | to | to | PART | _ | 37 build | mark |
| 37 | build | build | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 35 able | xcomp |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 poured | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | pour | past | fumes of foul gases | a multitude of cracks and holes | which nsubj | vn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fume=Patient | |||
| 2 | thread | past | Hiiaka | Hiiaka's way | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Patient | ||||
| 3 | stand | past | Hiiaka | the highest plateau of lava | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on plateau=Location | ||||
| 4 | is | past · perfect | the volcano | lava not said here | able property | tree rules | |||
| 5 | build | to-infinitive | the volcano not said here | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | |||||
| 6 | fume | foul gases | nom fume «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/16/4/