Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hiiaka Catching a Ghost, sentence 90
He told her he had been fishing when a great kupua came in the form of a mighty wave falling upon the boat, filling it full of water.
Who acts: water, great kupua, mighty wave · What happens: tell, be, come, fall, fill, form · To what, where: breath, fishing, form, boat, kupua, mighty wave · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka Catching a Ghost. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (water, great kupua, mighty wave), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 told | nsubj |
| 2 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | her | she | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 told | iobj |
| 4 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 fishing | nsubj |
| 5 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 fishing | aux |
| 6 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 7 fishing | cop |
| 7 | fishing | fishing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 told | ccomp |
| 8 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 12 came | mark |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 kupua | det |
| 10 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 kupua | amod |
| 11 | kupua | kupua | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 came | nsubj |
| 12 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 told | advcl |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 form | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 form | det |
| 15 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 came | obl |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 wave | case |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 wave | det |
| 18 | mighty | mighty | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 wave | amod |
| 19 | wave | wave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 form | nmod |
| 20 | falling | fall | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 19 wave | acl |
| 21 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 23 boat | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 boat | det |
| 23 | boat | boat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 falling | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 filling | punct |
| 25 | filling | fill | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 20 falling | advcl |
| 26 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 filling | obj |
| 27 | full | full | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 filling | xcomp |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 water | case |
| 29 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 full | obl |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 told | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tell speech: assert | past | water | breath | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent she=Recipient | ||||
| 2 | is a | past · perfect | water | fishing | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | come | past | a great kupua | the form of a mighty wave | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in form=Location | ||||
| 4 | fall | gerund | a mighty wave not said here | the boat | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon boat=Location | ||||
| 5 | fill | gerund | a mighty wave not said here | kupua | full property | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient | |||
| 6 | form | a mighty wave | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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