Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), The Annihilation of Keoua’s Army, sentence 39
Soon a dense cloud of darkness was seen to rise out of the crater, and almost at the same instant the electrical effect upon the air was so great that the thunder began to roar in the heavens and the lightning to flash.
Who acts: dense cloud, electrical effect, thunder · What happens: see, rise, be, begin, roar, flash · To what, where: dense cloud, crater, same instant, heavens, darkness
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, The Annihilation of Keoua’s Army. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dense cloud, electrical effect, thunder), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Soon | soon | ADV | Degree=Pos | 8 seen | advmod |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 cloud | det |
| 3 | dense | dense | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 cloud | amod |
| 4 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 seen | nsubj:pass |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 darkness | case |
| 6 | darkness | darkness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 cloud | nmod |
| 7 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 seen | aux:pass |
| 8 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 10 rise | mark |
| 10 | rise | rise | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 seen | xcomp |
| 11 | out | out | ADP | _ | 14 crater | case |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 crater | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 crater | det |
| 14 | crater | crater | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 rise | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 instant | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 instant | cc |
| 17 | almost | almost | ADV | _ | 21 instant | advmod |
| 18 | at | at | ADP | _ | 21 instant | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 instant | det |
| 20 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 instant | amod |
| 21 | instant | instant | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 rise | obl |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 effect | det |
| 23 | electrical | electrical | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 effect | amod |
| 24 | effect | effect | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 great | nsubj |
| 25 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 27 air | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 air | det |
| 27 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 effect | nmod |
| 28 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 30 great | cop |
| 29 | so | so | ADV | _ | 30 great | advmod |
| 30 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 instant | acl:relcl |
| 31 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 34 began | mark |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 thunder | det |
| 33 | thunder | thunder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 began | nsubj |
| 34 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 30 great | advcl |
| 35 | to | to | PART | _ | 36 roar | mark |
| 36 | roar | roar | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 34 began | xcomp |
| 37 | in | in | ADP | _ | 39 heavens | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 heavens | det |
| 39 | heavens | heaven | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 roar | obl |
| 40 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 42 lightning | cc |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 lightning | det |
| 42 | lightning | lightning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 heavens | conj |
| 43 | to | to | PART | _ | 44 flash | mark |
| 44 | flash | flash | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 42 lightning | acl |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 seen | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | see | past · passive | a dense cloud of darkness | soon property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | rise | to-infinitive | a dense cloud of darkness not said here | the crater | at the same instant | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent out crater=Location | |||
| 3 | is | past | the electrical effect upon the air | the same instant not said here | great property | tree rules | |||
| 4 | begin | past | the thunder | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 5 | roar | to-infinitive | the thunder not said here | the heavens and the lightning | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in heaven=Location | ||||
| 6 | flash | to-infinitive | the thunder not said here | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 7 | cloud | darkness | nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/21/39/