Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Destruction of Kamehameha’s Fish-ponds, sentence 7
Numerous offerings were presented and many hogs were thrown alive into the stream to appease the anger of the gods, by whom they supposed it was directed, and to stay its devastating course.
Who acts: hogs, gods · What happens: present, throw, appease, suppose, direct, stay · To what, where: Numerous offerings, many hogs, stream, anger, devastating course
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Destruction of Kamehameha’s Fish-ponds. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hogs, gods), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Numerous | numerous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 offerings | amod |
| 2 | offerings | offering | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 presented | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 presented | aux:pass |
| 4 | presented | present | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 thrown | cc |
| 6 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 hogs | amod |
| 7 | hogs | hog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 thrown | nsubj:pass |
| 8 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 thrown | aux:pass |
| 9 | thrown | throw | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 presented | conj |
| 10 | alive | alive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 thrown | xcomp |
| 11 | into | into | ADP | _ | 13 stream | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 stream | det |
| 13 | stream | stream | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 thrown | obl |
| 14 | to | to | PART | _ | 15 appease | mark |
| 15 | appease | appease | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 thrown | advcl |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 anger | det |
| 17 | anger | anger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 appease | obj |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 gods | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 gods | det |
| 20 | gods | god | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 anger | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 whom | punct |
| 22 | by | by | ADP | _ | 23 whom | case |
| 23 | whom | whom | PRON | PronType=Rel | 9 thrown | obl |
| 24 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 supposed | nsubj |
| 25 | supposed | suppose | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 whom | acl:relcl |
| 26 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 directed | nsubj:pass |
| 27 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 28 directed | aux:pass |
| 28 | directed | direct | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 25 supposed | xcomp |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 stay | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 stay | cc |
| 31 | to | to | PART | _ | 32 stay | mark |
| 32 | stay | stay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 presented | conj |
| 33 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 35 course | nmod:poss |
| 34 | devastating | devastating | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 course | amod |
| 35 | course | course | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 stay | obj |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 presented | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | present | past · passive | Numerous offerings | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 2 | throw | past · passive | many hogs | into the stream result; whom obl; alive property | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: subject=Theme into stream=Result | ||||
| 3 | appease | to-infinitive | the anger of the gods | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus anger=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | suppose | past | hogs = hog | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | |||||
| 5 | direct | past · passive | stream | vn supervision-95.2.2-1 «NP V NP.predicate»: subject=Eventuality | |||||
| 6 | stay | to-infinitive | stream's devastating course | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme course=Location | |||||
| 7 | anger | the gods | nom anger «feeling intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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