Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Volcanic Activity, sentence 44
After the hard shaking had ceased we went right over to a hill with the children and our natives expecting every moment to be swallowed up by the lava from beneath, for it sounded as if it were surging and washing under our feet all the time.
Who acts: we, natives, lava, it · What happens: cease, go, expect, swallow up, sound, surge · To what, where: hard shaking, hill, feet
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Volcanic Activity. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, natives, lava, it), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | After | after | SCONJ | _ | 6 ceased | mark |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 shaking | det |
| 3 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 shaking | amod |
| 4 | shaking | shaking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 ceased | nsubj:pass |
| 5 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 ceased | aux |
| 6 | ceased | cease | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 went | advcl |
| 7 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 8 went | nsubj |
| 8 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | right | right | ADV | _ | 10 over | advmod |
| 10 | over | over | ADV | _ | 8 went | advmod |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 13 hill | case |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 hill | det |
| 13 | hill | hill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 went | obl |
| 14 | with | with | ADP | _ | 16 children | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 children | det |
| 16 | children | child | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 hill | nmod |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 natives | cc |
| 18 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 natives | nmod:poss |
| 19 | natives | native | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 children | conj |
| 20 | expecting | expect | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 19 natives | acl |
| 21 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 22 moment | det |
| 22 | moment | moment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 expecting | obj |
| 23 | to | to | PART | _ | 25 swallowed | mark |
| 24 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 25 swallowed | aux:pass |
| 25 | swallowed | swallow | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 moment | acl |
| 26 | up | up | ADP | _ | 25 swallowed | compound:prt |
| 27 | by | by | ADP | _ | 29 lava | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 lava | det |
| 29 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 swallowed | obl |
| 30 | from | from | ADP | _ | 31 beneath | case |
| 31 | beneath | beneath | ADV | _ | 29 lava | nmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 sounded | punct |
| 33 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 35 sounded | mark |
| 34 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 sounded | nsubj |
| 35 | sounded | sound | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 went | conj |
| 36 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 40 surging | mark |
| 37 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 40 surging | mark |
| 38 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 40 surging | nsubj |
| 39 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 40 surging | aux |
| 40 | surging | surge | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 35 sounded | advcl |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 42 washing | cc |
| 42 | washing | wash | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 40 surging | conj |
| 43 | under | under | ADP | _ | 45 feet | case |
| 44 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 45 feet | nmod:poss |
| 45 | feet | foot | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 washing | obl |
| 46 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 48 time | det:predet |
| 47 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 48 time | det |
| 48 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 surging | obl:unmarked |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 went | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cease | past · perfect · passive | the hard shaking | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: subject=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | go | past | we | a hill with the children and our natives | over property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to hill=Initial_Location | |||
| 3 | expect | gerund | our natives not said here | moment | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | swallow up | to-infinitive · passive | the lava | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | sound | past | it | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | |||||
| 6 | surge | past · progressive | lava | time | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 7 | wash | gerund | lava not said here | our feet | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/27/44/