Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Changes in Kilauea Crater, sentence 15
From them we learned that it had been burning from time immemorial, or to use their own words ‘mai ka po mai’ (from chaos until now) and had inundated some part of the country during the reign of every king that had governed Hawaii.
Who acts: we, account, natives · What happens: learn, burn, use, inundate, govern, word · To what, where: own words, part, king · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, account, natives), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | From | from | ADP | _ | 2 them | case |
| 2 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 learned | obl |
| 3 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 4 learned | nsubj |
| 4 | learned | learn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 9 burning | mark |
| 6 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 burning | nsubj |
| 7 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 burning | aux |
| 8 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 9 burning | aux |
| 9 | burning | burn | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 learned | ccomp |
| 10 | from | from | ADP | _ | 11 time | case |
| 11 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 burning | obl |
| 12 | immemorial | immemorial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 burning | xcomp |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 use | punct |
| 14 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 16 use | cc |
| 15 | to | to | PART | _ | 16 use | mark |
| 16 | use | use | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 learned | ccomp |
| 17 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 words | nmod:poss |
| 18 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 words | amod |
| 19 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 use | obj |
| 20 | ‘ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 21 mai | punct |
| 21 | mai | mai | X | Foreign=Yes | 16 use | obj |
| 22 | ka | ka | X | Foreign=Yes | 21 mai | flat:foreign |
| 23 | po | po | X | Foreign=Yes | 21 mai | flat:foreign |
| 24 | mai | mai | X | Foreign=Yes | 21 mai | dep |
| 25 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 21 mai | punct |
| 26 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 28 chaos | punct |
| 27 | from | from | ADP | _ | 28 chaos | case |
| 28 | chaos | chaos | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 use | parataxis |
| 29 | until | until | ADP | _ | 30 now | case |
| 30 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 16 use | obl |
| 31 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 16 use | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 inundated | cc |
| 33 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 inundated | aux |
| 34 | inundated | inundate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 learned | conj |
| 35 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 36 part | det |
| 36 | part | part | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 inundated | obj |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 39 country | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 country | det |
| 39 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 part | nmod |
| 40 | during | during | ADP | _ | 42 reign | case |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 reign | det |
| 42 | reign | reign | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 inundated | obl |
| 43 | of | of | ADP | _ | 45 king | case |
| 44 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 45 king | det |
| 45 | king | king | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 reign | nmod |
| 46 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 48 governed | nsubj:pass |
| 47 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 48 governed | aux |
| 48 | governed | govern | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 45 king | acl |
| 49 | Hawaii | Hawaii | PROPN | Number=Sing | 48 governed | obj |
| 50 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 learned | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | learn | past | we | from natives = native | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source wh-S_INF»: agent=Agent from they=Source clause=Topic | ||||
| 2 | burn | past · perfect · progressive | account | time | immemorial property | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 3 | use | to-infinitive | natives's own words | chaos parataxis | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | inundate | past · perfect | we not said here | some part of the country | during the reign of every king | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme part=Destination | |||
| 5 | govern | past · perfect · passive | every king | Hawaii obj | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | word | natives = native | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/28/15/