Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Na Puu O Pele, sentence 11
The lava burst from the side of the mountain about half-way between the summit and the sea in magnificent tossing waves, a river hundreds of feet across, dashing over old lava flows, burning the ferns and trees of the forest which had grown on lava a hundred years and more of age.
Who acts: lava, old lava, forest · What happens: burst, dash, flow, burn, grow · To what, where: river hundreds, side, ferns, lava
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Na Puu O Pele. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lava, old lava, forest), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 lava | det |
| 2 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 burst | nsubj |
| 3 | burst | burst | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | from | from | ADP | _ | 6 side | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 side | det |
| 6 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 burst | obl |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 mountain | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 mountain | det |
| 9 | mountain | mountain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 side | nmod |
| 10 | about | about | ADP | _ | 13 way | case |
| 11 | half | half | NOUN | Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Frac | 13 way | compound |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 11 half | punct |
| 13 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 mountain | nmod |
| 14 | between | between | ADP | _ | 16 summit | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 summit | det |
| 16 | summit | summit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 way | nmod |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 sea | cc |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 sea | det |
| 19 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 summit | conj |
| 20 | in | in | ADP | _ | 23 waves | case |
| 21 | magnificent | magnificent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 waves | amod |
| 22 | tossing | tossing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 waves | compound |
| 23 | waves | wave | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 sea | nmod |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 hundreds | punct |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 river | det |
| 26 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 hundreds | compound |
| 27 | hundreds | hundred | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 burst | obl |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 feet | case |
| 29 | feet | foot | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 hundreds | nmod |
| 30 | across | across | ADV | _ | 3 burst | advmod |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 dashing | punct |
| 32 | dashing | dash | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 3 burst | advcl |
| 33 | over | over | SCONJ | _ | 36 flows | mark |
| 34 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 lava | amod |
| 35 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 flows | nsubj |
| 36 | flows | flow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 dashing | ccomp |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 burning | punct |
| 38 | burning | burn | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 36 flows | advcl |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 ferns | det |
| 40 | ferns | fern | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 burning | obj |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 42 trees | cc |
| 42 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 ferns | conj |
| 43 | of | of | ADP | _ | 45 forest | case |
| 44 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 45 forest | det |
| 45 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 ferns | nmod |
| 46 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 48 grown | nsubj |
| 47 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 48 grown | aux |
| 48 | grown | grow | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 45 forest | acl:relcl |
| 49 | on | on | ADP | _ | 50 lava | case |
| 50 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 grown | obl |
| 51 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 52 hundred | det |
| 52 | hundred | hundred | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 53 years | nummod |
| 53 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 48 grown | obl:unmarked |
| 54 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 55 more | cc |
| 55 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 53 years | conj |
| 56 | of | of | ADP | _ | 57 age | case |
| 57 | age | age | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 years | nmod |
| 58 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 burst | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | burst | past | the lava | river hundreds of feet | the side of the mountain about half way between the summit and the sea in magnificent tossing waves | across property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||
| 2 | dash | gerund | the lava not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | flow | present | old lava | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | burn | gerund | old lava not said here | the ferns of the forest and trees | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent fern=Theme | ||||
| 5 | grow | past · perfect | the forest | lava | year | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on lava=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/7/11/