Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pele’s Tree, sentence 10
Whenever a native came near this tree, he began to search for certain leaves or fruits which he could lay beneath the tree as an offering before he dared to try to pass beyond.
Who acts: native, tree, fruits · What happens: come, begin, search, lay, dare, try · To what, where: tree
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele’s Tree. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (native, tree, fruits), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Whenever | whenever | ADV | PronType=Rel | 4 came | advmod |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 native | det |
| 3 | native | native | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 came | nsubj |
| 4 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 began | advcl |
| 5 | near | near | ADP | _ | 7 tree | case |
| 6 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 7 tree | det |
| 7 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 came | obl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 came | punct |
| 9 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 began | nsubj |
| 10 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 search | mark |
| 12 | search | search | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 began | xcomp |
| 13 | for | for | ADP | _ | 15 leaves | case |
| 14 | certain | certain | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 leaves | amod |
| 15 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 search | obl |
| 16 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 17 fruits | cc |
| 17 | fruits | fruit | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 leaves | conj |
| 18 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 21 lay | nsubj |
| 19 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 lay | nsubj |
| 20 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 21 lay | aux |
| 21 | lay | lay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 17 fruits | acl:relcl |
| 22 | beneath | beneath | ADP | _ | 24 tree | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 tree | det |
| 24 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 lay | obl |
| 25 | as | as | ADP | _ | 27 offering | case |
| 26 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 offering | det |
| 27 | offering | offering | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 lay | obl |
| 28 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 30 dared | mark |
| 29 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 dared | nsubj |
| 30 | dared | dare | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 21 lay | advcl |
| 31 | to | to | PART | _ | 32 try | mark |
| 32 | try | try | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 30 dared | xcomp |
| 33 | to | to | PART | _ | 34 pass | mark |
| 34 | pass | pass | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 try | xcomp |
| 35 | beyond | beyond | ADV | _ | 34 pass | advmod |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 began | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | a native | this tree | whenever property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near tree=Location | |||
| 2 | begin | past | tree | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 3 | search | to-infinitive | tree not said here | for certain leaves or fruits | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.theme NP.location»: agent=Agent for leaf=Theme | ||||
| 4 | lay | could | fruits | beneath the tree; as a offering | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as offering=Attribute | ||||
| 5 | dare | past | tree | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 6 | try | to-infinitive | tree not said here | vn try-61.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 7 | pass not said to happen | to-infinitive | tree not said here | beyond property | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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