The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Grizzly Bear’s Medicine, sentence 9
North of the camp was a hill on which grew many cedar-trees, and during the day the poor boy had overheard people saying that many Indians had been killed on that hill, among those trees.
Who acts: North camp, hill, people · What happens: be, grow, overhear, say, kill · To what, where: hill, many cedar trees, poor boy, many Indians · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Grizzly Bear’s Medicine. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (North camp, hill, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | North | North | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 camp | compound |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 camp | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 camp | det |
| 4 | camp | camp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 hill | nsubj |
| 5 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 hill | cop |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 hill | det |
| 7 | hill | hill | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 8 | on | on | ADP | _ | 9 which | case |
| 9 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 10 grew | nsubj |
| 10 | grew | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 hill | acl:relcl |
| 11 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 trees | amod |
| 12 | cedar | cedar | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 trees | amod |
| 13 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 12 cedar | punct |
| 14 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 grew | obj |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 overheard | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 overheard | cc |
| 17 | during | during | ADP | _ | 19 day | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 day | det |
| 19 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 overheard | obl |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 boy | det |
| 21 | poor | poor | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 boy | amod |
| 22 | boy | boy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 overheard | nsubj:pass |
| 23 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 overheard | aux |
| 24 | overheard | overhear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 grew | conj |
| 25 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 overheard | obj |
| 26 | saying | say | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 25 people | acl |
| 27 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 32 killed | mark |
| 28 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 Indians | amod |
| 29 | Indians | Indian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 32 killed | nsubj:pass |
| 30 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 killed | aux |
| 31 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 32 killed | aux:pass |
| 32 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 26 saying | ccomp |
| 33 | on | on | ADP | _ | 35 hill | case |
| 34 | that | that | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 35 hill | det |
| 35 | hill | hill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 killed | obl |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 trees | punct |
| 37 | among | among | ADP | _ | 39 trees | case |
| 38 | those | that | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 39 trees | det |
| 39 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 killed | obl |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 hill | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | past | the North camp | a hill | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | grow | past | a hill | many cedar trees | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location tree=Theme | ||||
| 3 | overhear | past · perfect · passive | the poor boy | day | people obj | tree rules | |||
| 4 | say speech: assert | gerund | people not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 5 | kill | past · perfect · passive | many Indians | that hill | among that trees | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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