The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, sentence 1
In ancient times, before horses had come from the south and been taught to bear burdens, the people did not move camp often, but remained in one place so long as sufficient game could be found to furnish food.
Who acts: people, sufficient game · What happens: come, teach, bear, not move, remain, find · To what, where: south, burdens, camp, one place, sufficient game, food
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, sufficient game), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 times | case |
| 2 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 times | amod |
| 3 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 come | obl |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 times | punct |
| 5 | before | before | ADP | _ | 6 horses | case |
| 6 | horses | horse | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 come | obl |
| 7 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 come | aux |
| 8 | come | come | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 9 | from | from | ADP | _ | 11 south | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 south | det |
| 11 | south | south | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 come | obl |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 taught | cc |
| 13 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 14 taught | aux:pass |
| 14 | taught | teach | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 come | conj |
| 15 | to | to | PART | _ | 16 bear | mark |
| 16 | bear | bear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 14 taught | xcomp |
| 17 | burdens | burden | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 bear | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 move | punct |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 people | det |
| 20 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 move | nsubj |
| 21 | did | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 move | aux |
| 22 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 23 move | advmod |
| 23 | move | move | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 14 taught | parataxis |
| 24 | camp | camp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 move | obj |
| 25 | often | often | ADV | _ | 23 move | advmod |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 remained | punct |
| 27 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 28 remained | cc |
| 28 | remained | remain | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 come | conj |
| 29 | in | in | ADP | _ | 31 place | case |
| 30 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 31 place | nummod |
| 31 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 remained | obl |
| 32 | so | so | ADV | _ | 33 long | advmod |
| 33 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 28 remained | advmod |
| 34 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 39 found | mark |
| 35 | sufficient | sufficient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 game | amod |
| 36 | game | game | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 found | nsubj:pass |
| 37 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 39 found | aux |
| 38 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 39 found | aux:pass |
| 39 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 33 long | advcl |
| 40 | to | to | PART | _ | 41 furnish | mark |
| 41 | furnish | furnish | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 39 found | xcomp |
| 42 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 furnish | obj |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 come | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past · perfect | the south | before horses; time | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from south=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | teach speech: other | participle · passive | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: clause=Topic | ||||||
| 3 | bear | to-infinitive | burdens | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent burden=Patient | |||||
| 4 | not move | past · do-support | the people | camp | often property | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent camp=Theme | |||
| 5 | remain | past | one place | long property | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in place=Location | ||||
| 6 | find | could · passive | sufficient game | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme | |||||
| 7 | furnish | to-infinitive | sufficient game not said here | food | vn fulfilling-13.4.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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