The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, sentence 59
Plover Call and her parents came out of their lodges, looked around, and were surprised to see that there was not a cloud in the sky; and again it was the wrong time of year for thunder.
Who acts: Plover Call, cloud · What happens: come out, look around, be, see · To what, where: lodges, wrong time · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Plover Call, cloud), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Plover | plover | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 Call | compound |
| 2 | Call | call | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 came | nsubj |
| 3 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 parents | cc |
| 4 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 parents | nmod:poss |
| 5 | parents | parent | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 Call | conj |
| 6 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | out | out | ADV | _ | 6 came | advmod |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 lodges | case |
| 9 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 lodges | nmod:poss |
| 10 | lodges | lodge | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 came | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 looked | punct |
| 12 | looked | look | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 lodges | acl |
| 13 | around | around | ADV | _ | 12 looked | advmod |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 surprised | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 surprised | cc |
| 16 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 surprised | cop |
| 17 | surprised | surprised | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 came | parataxis |
| 18 | to | to | PART | _ | 19 see | mark |
| 19 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 17 surprised | advcl |
| 20 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 22 was | mark |
| 21 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 22 was | expl |
| 22 | was | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 see | ccomp |
| 23 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 25 cloud | advmod |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 cloud | det |
| 25 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 was | nsubj |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 sky | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 sky | det |
| 28 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 cloud | nmod |
| 29 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 36 time | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 time | cc |
| 31 | again | again | ADV | _ | 36 time | advmod |
| 32 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 time | nsubj |
| 33 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 36 time | cop |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 time | det |
| 35 | wrong | wrong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 time | amod |
| 36 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 came | obl |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 38 year | case |
| 38 | year | year | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 time | nmod |
| 39 | for | for | ADP | _ | 40 thunder | case |
| 40 | thunder | thunder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 time | nmod |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come out | past | Plover Call and Call's parents | of parents's lodges; out property | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 2 | look around | participle | parents's lodges not said here | around property | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 3 | is | past | surprised property | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | see | to-infinitive | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | ||||||
| 5 | be | past | a cloud in the sky | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | is a | past | cloud | the wrong time | again; year | for thunder | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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