The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Blindness of Pi-waṕ-ōk, sentence 4
There were always many buffalo hides and many skins of elk, deer, and antelope stacked up about his lodge, and within were thick warm robe beds, and piles of soft buckskins, tanned by his wife Í-kai-si, the Squirrel.
Who acts: many buffalo · What happens: be, hide, stack up, tan · To what, where: many skins, antelope, piles
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Blindness of Pi-waṕ-ōk. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many buffalo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | There | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 2 were | expl |
| 2 | were | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 2 were | advmod |
| 4 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 buffalo | amod |
| 5 | buffalo | buffalo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 hides | nsubj |
| 6 | hides | hide | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 were | ccomp |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 skins | cc |
| 8 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 skins | amod |
| 9 | skins | skin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 hides | obj |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 elk | case |
| 11 | elk | elk | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 skins | nmod |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 deer | punct |
| 13 | deer | deer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 skins | conj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 antelope | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 antelope | cc |
| 16 | antelope | antelope | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 were | parataxis |
| 17 | stacked | stack | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 antelope | acl |
| 18 | up | up | ADP | _ | 17 stacked | compound:prt |
| 19 | about | about | ADP | _ | 21 lodge | case |
| 20 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 lodge | nmod:poss |
| 21 | lodge | lodge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 stacked | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 beds | punct |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 beds | cc |
| 24 | within | within | ADP | _ | 29 beds | case |
| 25 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 29 beds | cop |
| 26 | thick | thick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 beds | amod |
| 27 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 beds | amod |
| 28 | robe | robe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 beds | compound |
| 29 | beds | bed | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 antelope | conj |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 piles | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 piles | cc |
| 32 | piles | pile | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 beds | conj |
| 33 | of | of | ADP | _ | 35 buckskins | case |
| 34 | soft | soft | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 buckskins | amod |
| 35 | buckskins | buckskin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 piles | nmod |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 tanned | punct |
| 37 | tanned | tan | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 32 piles | acl |
| 38 | by | by | ADP | _ | 40 wife | case |
| 39 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 40 wife | nmod:poss |
| 40 | wife | wife | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 tanned | obl |
| 41 | Í | Í | PROPN | Number=Sing | 40 wife | appos |
| 42 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 45 si | punct |
| 43 | kai | kai | X | _ | 45 si | compound |
| 44 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 45 si | punct |
| 45 | si | si | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 Í | appos |
| 46 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 48 Squirrel | punct |
| 47 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 48 Squirrel | det |
| 48 | Squirrel | squirrel | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 Í | appos |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 were | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | be | past | there | antelope and thick warm robe beds and piles of soft buckskins parataxis; always property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | hide | present | many buffalo | many skins of elk and deer | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Patient | ||||
| 3 | stack up | participle | antelope and thick warm robe beds and piles of soft buckskins not said here | about buffalo's lodge | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent about lodge=Destination | ||||
| 4 | is | past | within thick warm robe beds and piles of soft buckskins; piles of soft buckskins conj | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | tan | participle | piles of soft buckskins not said here | by buffalo's wife | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/13/4/