The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Ragged Head, sentence 11
But when the dream helper had spoken to him in his sleep, and had told him that he need not be afraid of his enemies, and had smoked with him, it had said further:
Who acts: helper, enemy · What happens: speak, tell, not be, smoke, say, sleep · To what, where: dream helper, man, sleep, helper · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Ragged Head. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (helper, enemy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | But | but | CCONJ | _ | 7 spoken | cc |
| 2 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 7 spoken | mark |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 helper | det |
| 4 | dream | dream | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 helper | compound |
| 5 | helper | helper | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 spoken | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 spoken | aux |
| 7 | spoken | speak | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | to | to | ADP | _ | 9 him | case |
| 9 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 spoken | obl |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 sleep | case |
| 11 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 12 sleep | nmod:poss |
| 12 | sleep | sleep | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 spoken | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 told | punct |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 told | cc |
| 15 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 told | aux |
| 16 | told | tell | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 7 spoken | conj |
| 17 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 told | iobj |
| 18 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 23 afraid | mark |
| 19 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 afraid | nsubj |
| 20 | need | need | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 afraid | aux |
| 21 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 23 afraid | advmod |
| 22 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 23 afraid | cop |
| 23 | afraid | afraid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 told | advcl |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 enemies | case |
| 25 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 26 enemies | nmod:poss |
| 26 | enemies | enemy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 afraid | obl |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 smoked | punct |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 smoked | cc |
| 29 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 30 smoked | aux |
| 30 | smoked | smoke | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 16 told | conj |
| 31 | with | with | ADP | _ | 32 him | case |
| 32 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 smoked | obl |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 said | punct |
| 34 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 said | nsubj |
| 35 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 36 said | aux |
| 36 | said | say | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 30 smoked | conj |
| 37 | further | further | ADV | _ | 36 said | advmod |
| 38 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 7 spoken | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | speak speech: other | past · perfect · passive | the dream helper | man | helper's sleep | tree rules | |||
| 2 | tell speech: assert | past · perfect | helper | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent he=Recipient | |||||
| 3 | not is | present | helper | of helper's enemies; afraid property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | smoke | past · perfect | with helper | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with he=Instrument | |||||
| 5 | say speech: assert | past · perfect | enemy | further property | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 6 | sleep | helper | nom sleep «state intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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