The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Ragged Head, sentence 33
There, in the wide gray plain before them, they could trace the winding courses of many streams, and from some of them rose smokes which showed that people were camped there, and they knew that these people were their enemies.
Who acts: plains, some, smokes, streams, people · What happens: trace, rise, show, camp, know, be · To what, where: winding courses, smokes, people, enemies, There · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Ragged Head. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (plains, some, smokes, streams), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | There | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | root | root |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 plain | punct |
| 3 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 plain | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 plain | det |
| 5 | wide | wide | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 plain | amod |
| 6 | gray | gray | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 plain | amod |
| 7 | plain | plain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 There | appos |
| 8 | before | before | ADP | _ | 9 them | case |
| 9 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 trace | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 them | punct |
| 11 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 trace | nsubj |
| 12 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 13 trace | aux |
| 13 | trace | trace | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 plain | parataxis |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 courses | det |
| 15 | winding | winding | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 courses | compound |
| 16 | courses | course | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 trace | obj |
| 17 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 streams | case |
| 18 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 streams | amod |
| 19 | streams | stream | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 courses | nmod |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 rose | punct |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 rose | cc |
| 22 | from | from | ADP | _ | 23 some | case |
| 23 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 26 rose | nsubj |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 them | case |
| 25 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 some | nmod |
| 26 | rose | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 trace | parataxis |
| 27 | smokes | smoke | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 rose | obj |
| 28 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 29 showed | nsubj |
| 29 | showed | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 smokes | acl:relcl |
| 30 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 33 camped | mark |
| 31 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 camped | nsubj |
| 32 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 camped | aux:pass |
| 33 | camped | camp | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 29 showed | ccomp |
| 34 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 33 camped | advmod |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 knew | punct |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 knew | cc |
| 37 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 knew | nsubj |
| 38 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 rose | conj |
| 39 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 44 enemies | mark |
| 40 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 41 people | det |
| 41 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 enemies | nsubj |
| 42 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 44 enemies | cop |
| 43 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 44 enemies | nmod:poss |
| 44 | enemies | enemy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 knew | xcomp |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 trace | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | trace | could | plains = plain | the winding courses of many streams | before plains = plain | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent course=Theme | |||
| 2 | rise | past | some of streams | smokes | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location smoke=Theme | ||||
| 3 | show | past | smokes | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 4 | camp | past · passive | people | there | vn odge-46-1 «NP V ADV»: subject=Location | ||||
| 5 | know | past | streams = stream | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 6 | is a | past | this people | streams's enemies | streams = stream nmod:poss | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/14/33/