The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Little Friend Coyote, sentence 116
Then she knew for certain that he was to be trusted, and she told him to keep a long way ahead, to look over the country from every rise of ground, and to warn her if he saw anything suspicious.
Who acts: pi, yé, ground · What happens: know, trust, tell, keep, look, warn · To what, where: yé, long way, pi, anything · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Little Friend Coyote. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (pi, yé, ground), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 3 knew | advmod |
| 2 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 knew | nsubj |
| 3 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | for | for | ADP | _ | 5 certain | case |
| 5 | certain | certain | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 knew | obl |
| 6 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 11 trusted | mark |
| 7 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 trusted | nsubj:pass |
| 8 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 trusted | aux |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 11 trusted | mark |
| 10 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 11 trusted | aux:pass |
| 11 | trusted | trust | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 knew | advcl |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 told | punct |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 told | cc |
| 14 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 told | nsubj |
| 15 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 knew | conj |
| 16 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 told | iobj |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 keep | mark |
| 18 | keep | keep | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 15 told | xcomp |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 21 way | det |
| 20 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 way | amod |
| 21 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 keep | obj |
| 22 | ahead | ahead | ADV | _ | 18 keep | advmod |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 look | punct |
| 24 | to | to | PART | _ | 25 look | mark |
| 25 | look | look | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 keep | conj |
| 26 | over | over | ADP | _ | 28 country | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 country | det |
| 28 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 look | obl |
| 29 | from | from | ADP | _ | 31 rise | case |
| 30 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 31 rise | det |
| 31 | rise | rise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 look | obl |
| 32 | of | of | ADP | _ | 33 ground | case |
| 33 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 rise | nmod |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 warn | punct |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 warn | cc |
| 36 | to | to | PART | _ | 37 warn | mark |
| 37 | warn | warn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 knew | conj |
| 38 | her | she | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 37 warn | obj |
| 39 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 41 saw | mark |
| 40 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 41 saw | nsubj |
| 41 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 37 warn | advcl |
| 42 | anything | anything | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 41 saw | obj |
| 43 | suspicious | suspicious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 anything | amod |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 knew | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | know | past | pi | then | for certain | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||
| 2 | trust | past · passive | yé | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 3 | tell speech: assert | past | pi | yé | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent he=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 4 | keep not said to happen | to-infinitive | pi not said here | a long way | ahead property | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Theme | |||
| 5 | look | to-infinitive | pi not said here | from every rise of ground; over the country | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent over country=Theme | ||||
| 6 | warn speech: warn | to-infinitive | pi not said here | pi | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent she=Recipient | ||||
| 7 | see a condition, not said to happen | past | yé | anything | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer anything=Stimulus | ||||
| 8 | rise | ground | nom rise «event intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/18/116/