The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Little Friend Coyote, sentence 28
When the strangers approached, one of them, the chief, who had learned Blackfoot in other days, called out, “Don’t fire; we are friends; we will not harm you.”
Who acts: strangers, chief, we · What happens: approach, learn, call out, do, be, not harm · To what, where: one, Blackfoot, other days, fire, friends, you · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Little Friend Coyote. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (strangers, chief, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 4 approached | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 strangers | det |
| 3 | strangers | stranger | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 approached | nsubj |
| 4 | approached | approach | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 one | punct |
| 6 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 4 approached | obj |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 them | case |
| 8 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 one | nmod |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 chief | punct |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 chief | det |
| 11 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 approached | obl |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 learned | punct |
| 13 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 15 learned | nsubj |
| 14 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 learned | aux |
| 15 | learned | learn | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 11 chief | acl:relcl |
| 16 | Blackfoot | blackfoot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 learned | obj |
| 17 | in | in | ADP | _ | 19 days | case |
| 18 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 days | amod |
| 19 | days | day | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 learned | obl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 called | punct |
| 21 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 days | acl |
| 22 | out | out | ADP | _ | 21 called | compound:prt |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 “ | punct |
| 24 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 learned | punct |
| 25 | Do | do | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 “ | xcomp |
| 26 | n’t | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 27 fire | advmod |
| 27 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 Do | obj |
| 28 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 31 friends | punct |
| 29 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 31 friends | nsubj |
| 30 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 friends | cop |
| 31 | friends | friend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 approached | conj |
| 32 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 36 harm | punct |
| 33 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 36 harm | nsubj |
| 34 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 36 harm | aux |
| 35 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 36 harm | advmod |
| 36 | harm | harm | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 approached | conj |
| 37 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 36 harm | obj |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 36 harm | punct |
| 39 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 36 harm | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | approach | past | the strangers | one of parties | the chief obl | vn confront-98 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Theme | |||
| 2 | learn | past · perfect | the chief | Blackfoot | day | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent blackfoot=Topic | |||
| 3 | call out speech: assert | participle | other days not said here | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | do in a quote | infinitive | the chief not said here | fire | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Eventuality | ||||
| 5 | is a in a quote | present | we | friends | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | not harm in a quote | future | we | you | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus you=Experiencer |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/18/28/