The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Girl Who Was the Ring [1], sentence 160
When they saw the Buffalo coming they got their bows and took their arrows in their hands, and shot and shot until they had killed many, many Buffalo, and the rest were frightened and ran away.
Who acts: piles, Buffalo · What happens: see, come, get, take, shoot, kill · To what, where: Buffalo, bows, arrows, hands, piles, rest
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Girl Who Was the Ring [1]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (piles, Buffalo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 3 saw | advmod |
| 2 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 saw | nsubj |
| 3 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 Buffalo | det |
| 5 | Buffalo | Buffalo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 saw | obj |
| 6 | coming | come | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 saw | xcomp |
| 7 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 got | nsubj |
| 8 | got | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 coming | ccomp |
| 9 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 bows | nmod:poss |
| 10 | bows | bow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 got | obj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 took | cc |
| 12 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 got | conj |
| 13 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 14 arrows | nmod:poss |
| 14 | arrows | arrow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 took | obj |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 17 hands | case |
| 16 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 17 hands | nmod:poss |
| 17 | hands | hand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 took | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 shot | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 shot | cc |
| 20 | shot | shoot | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 saw | parataxis |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 shot | cc |
| 22 | shot | shoot | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 shot | conj |
| 23 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 26 killed | mark |
| 24 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 killed | nsubj:pass |
| 25 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 killed | aux |
| 26 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 shot | ccomp |
| 27 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 killed | obj |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 Buffalo | punct |
| 29 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 Buffalo | amod |
| 30 | Buffalo | Buffalo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 many | vocative |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 frightened | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 frightened | cc |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 rest | det |
| 34 | rest | rest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 frightened | nsubj:pass |
| 35 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 36 frightened | aux:pass |
| 36 | frightened | frighten | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 saw | parataxis |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 ran | cc |
| 38 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 36 frightened | conj |
| 39 | away | away | ADV | _ | 38 ran | advmod |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 saw | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | see | past | piles = pile | the Buffalo | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | come | gerund | the Buffalo not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | get | past | piles = pile | piles's bows | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bow=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | take | past | piles = pile not said here | piles's arrows | piles's hands | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent arrow=Value in hand=Location | |||
| 5 | shoot | past | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | shoot | past | tree rules | ||||||
| 7 | kill | past · perfect · passive | piles = pile | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Experiencer many=Result | |||||
| 8 | frighten | past · passive | the rest | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer | |||||
| 9 | run away | past | away property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/7/160/