The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Star Boy, sentence 111
He said that she had come down with him on her back, but had been killed by a stone dropped from above, which had hit her on the head but did not kill him.
Who acts: boy, grandmother, stone · What happens: say, come down, kill, drop, hit, not kill · To what, where: back, stone, head, boy · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Star Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy, grandmother, stone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 said | nsubj |
| 2 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 6 come | mark |
| 4 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 come | nsubj |
| 5 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 come | aux |
| 6 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 said | ccomp |
| 7 | down | down | ADV | _ | 6 come | advmod |
| 8 | with | with | ADP | _ | 9 him | case |
| 9 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 come | obl |
| 10 | on | on | ADP | _ | 12 back | case |
| 11 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 12 back | nmod:poss |
| 12 | back | back | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 come | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 killed | punct |
| 14 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 17 killed | cc |
| 15 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 killed | aux |
| 16 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 17 killed | aux:pass |
| 17 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 said | ccomp |
| 18 | by | by | ADP | _ | 20 stone | case |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 stone | det |
| 20 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 killed | obl |
| 21 | dropped | drop | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 stone | acl |
| 22 | from | from | ADP | _ | 23 above | case |
| 23 | above | above | ADV | _ | 21 dropped | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 hit | punct |
| 25 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 27 hit | nsubj:pass |
| 26 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 hit | aux |
| 27 | hit | hit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 stone | acl |
| 28 | her | she | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 hit | obj |
| 29 | on | on | ADP | _ | 31 head | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 head | det |
| 31 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 hit | obl |
| 32 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 35 kill | cc |
| 33 | did | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 kill | aux |
| 34 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 35 kill | advmod |
| 35 | kill | kill | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 17 killed | conj |
| 36 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 kill | obj |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | boy | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | come down | past | grandmother | grandmother's back | with boy; down property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on back=Location | |||
| 3 | kill | past · perfect · passive | a stone | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | drop | participle | a stone not said here | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme from above=Trajectory | |||||
| 5 | hit | past · perfect · passive | a stone | the head | grandmother obj | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP ADJP»: subject=Patient she=Result | |||
| 6 | not kill | past · do-support | a stone not said here | boy | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/9/111/