The descent of the sun: A cycle of birth, A Sleep and a Dream., part 2, sentence 30
So taking down his sword from the wall, and holding it in his hand, he went out of his wretched lodging, saying to himself: Death is better than dishonour and insignificance, hunger and the loathing of life: for what is death but the beginning of another life, which cannot be worse than this one, be it what it may?
Who acts: Umra, Death · What happens: take down, hold, go out, say, be, not be · To what, where: sword, wall, hand, wretched lodging, Umra, life · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The descent of the sun: A cycle of birth» by Unknown, A Sleep and a Dream., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Umra, Death), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | So | so | ADV | _ | 2 taking | advmod |
| 2 | taking | take | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 18 went | advcl |
| 3 | down | down | ADP | _ | 2 taking | compound:prt |
| 4 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 sword | nmod:poss |
| 5 | sword | sword | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 taking | obj |
| 6 | from | from | ADP | _ | 8 wall | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 wall | det |
| 8 | wall | wall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 taking | obl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 holding | punct |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 holding | cc |
| 11 | holding | hold | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 taking | conj |
| 12 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 holding | obj |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 hand | case |
| 14 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 hand | nmod:poss |
| 15 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 holding | obl |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 taking | punct |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 went | nsubj |
| 18 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 19 | out | out | ADP | _ | 23 lodging | case |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 lodging | case |
| 21 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 23 lodging | nmod:poss |
| 22 | wretched | wretched | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 lodging | amod |
| 23 | lodging | lodging | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 went | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 saying | punct |
| 25 | saying | say | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 18 went | advcl |
| 26 | to | to | ADP | _ | 27 himself | case |
| 27 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 25 saying | obl |
| 28 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 31 better | punct |
| 29 | Death | Death | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 better | nsubj |
| 30 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 better | cop |
| 31 | better | good | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 18 went | parataxis |
| 32 | than | than | ADP | _ | 33 dishonour | case |
| 33 | dishonour | dishonour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 better | obl |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 insignificance | cc |
| 35 | insignificance | insignificance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 dishonour | conj |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 hunger | punct |
| 37 | hunger | hunger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 dishonour | conj |
| 38 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 loathing | cc |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 loathing | det |
| 40 | loathing | loathing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 dishonour | conj |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 42 life | case |
| 42 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 loathing | nmod |
| 43 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 47 death | punct |
| 44 | for | for | ADP | _ | 47 death | case |
| 45 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 47 death | nsubj |
| 46 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 47 death | cop |
| 47 | death | death | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 better | obl |
| 48 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 50 beginning | cc |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 beginning | det |
| 50 | beginning | beginning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 death | conj |
| 51 | of | of | ADP | _ | 53 life | case |
| 52 | another | another | DET | PronType=Ind | 53 life | det |
| 53 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 beginning | nmod |
| 54 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 59 worse | punct |
| 55 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 59 worse | nsubj |
| 56 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 59 worse | aux |
| 57 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 59 worse | advmod |
| 58 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 59 worse | cop |
| 59 | worse | bad | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 47 death | acl:relcl |
| 60 | than | than | ADP | _ | 62 one | case |
| 61 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 62 one | det |
| 62 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 59 worse | obl |
| 63 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 65 it | punct |
| 64 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 65 it | cop |
| 65 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 went | obl |
| 66 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 went | obl |
| 67 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 68 may | nsubj |
| 68 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 66 what | acl:relcl |
| 69 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 18 went | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | take down | gerund | Umra not said here | Umra's sword | the wall | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sword=Theme | |||
| 2 | hold | gerund | Umra not said here | sword | Umra's hand | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent it=Theme in hand=Location | |||
| 3 | go out | past | Umra | Umra's wretched lodging | what obl | tree rules | |||
| 4 | say speech: assert | gerund | Umra not said here | Umra | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to himself=Recipient | ||||
| 5 | is | present | Death | than dishonour and insignificance and hunger and the loathing of life; good property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | is | present | the beginning of another life | for death but the beginning of another life; what nsubj | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | not is | can | death but the beginning of another life | than this one; bad property | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | is a | infinitive | hand | tree rules | |||||
| 9 | loathe | life | nom loathing «feeling transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 10 | begin | another life | nom beginning «event transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The descent of the sun: A cycle of birth» by Unknown, Project Gutenberg book 68641 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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