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Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 102

The stories have, however, been set down as nearly as possible in the way they were related to me, the only alterations made being those necessary to render the tales into simple English, as bush English would not be understood, and certain passages containing objectionable matter have been omitted.

Who acts: stories, only alterations, certain passages · What happens: have, set down, be, make, render, not understand · To what, where: me, way, those, tales, simple English, bush English

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stories, only alterations, certain passages), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

detnsubjpunctadvmodpunctaux:passparataxiscompound:prtadvmodadvmodmarkadvclcasedetoblnsubjcopconjcaseoblpunctdetamodnsubjparataxiscopobjamodmarkcsubjdetobjcaseamodnmodpunctmarkamodnsubj:passauxadvmodaux:passadvclpunctccamodnsubj:passaclamodobjauxaux:passconjpunctrootTheDETstoriesNOUNhaveVERB,PUNCThoweverADV,PUNCTbeenAUXsetVERBdownADPasADVnearlyADVasSCONJpossibleADJinADPtheDETwayNOUNtheyPRONwereAUXrelatedADJtoADPmePRON,PUNCTtheDETonlyADJalterationsNOUNmadeVERBbeingAUXthosePRONnecessaryADJtoPARTrenderVERBtheDETtalesNOUNintoADPsimpleADJEnglishPROPN,PUNCTasSCONJbushADJEnglishPROPNwouldAUXnotPARTbeAUXunderstoodVERB,PUNCTandCCONJcertainADJpassagesNOUNcontainingVERBobjectionableADJmatterNOUNhaveAUXbeenAUXomittedVERB.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1ThetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art2 storiesdet
2storiesstoryNOUNNumber=Plur3 havensubj
3havehaveVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Finrootroot
4,,PUNCT_3 havepunct
5howeverhoweverADV_3 haveadvmod
6,,PUNCT_8 setpunct
7beenbeAUXTense=Past VerbForm=Part8 setaux:pass
8setsetVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass3 haveparataxis
9downdownADP_8 setcompound:prt
10asasADV_11 nearlyadvmod
11nearlynearlyADV_8 setadvmod
12asasSCONJ_13 possiblemark
13possiblepossibleADJDegree=Pos11 nearlyadvcl
14ininADP_16 waycase
15thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art16 waydet
16waywayNOUNNumber=Sing19 relatedobl
17theytheyPRONCase=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs19 relatednsubj
18werebeAUXMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin19 relatedcop
19relatedrelatedADJDegree=Pos8 setconj
20totoADP_21 mecase
21meIPRONCase=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs19 relatedobl
22,,PUNCT_26 madepunct
23thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art25 alterationsdet
24onlyonlyADJDegree=Pos25 alterationsamod
25alterationsalterationNOUNNumber=Plur26 madensubj
26mademakeVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin19 relatedparataxis
27beingbeAUXTense=Pres VerbForm=Part28 thosecop
28thosethatPRONNumber=Plur PronType=Dem26 madeobj
29necessarynecessaryADJDegree=Pos28 thoseamod
30totoPART_31 rendermark
31renderrenderVERBVerbForm=Inf29 necessarycsubj
32thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art33 talesdet
33talestaleNOUNNumber=Plur31 renderobj
34intointoADP_36 Englishcase
35simplesimpleADJDegree=Pos36 Englishamod
36EnglishEnglishPROPNNumber=Sing33 talesnmod
37,,PUNCT_44 understoodpunct
38asasSCONJ_44 understoodmark
39bushbushADJDegree=Pos40 Englishamod
40EnglishEnglishPROPNNumber=Sing44 understoodnsubj:pass
41wouldwouldAUXVerbForm=Fin44 understoodaux
42notnotPARTPolarity=Neg44 understoodadvmod
43bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf44 understoodaux:pass
44understoodunderstandVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass31 renderadvcl
45,,PUNCT_54 omittedpunct
46andandCCONJ_54 omittedcc
47certaincertainADJDegree=Pos48 passagesamod
48passagespassageNOUNNumber=Plur54 omittednsubj:pass
49containingcontainVERBVerbForm=Ger48 passagesacl
50objectionableobjectionableADJDegree=Pos51 matteramod
51mattermatNOUNNumber=Plur49 containingobj
52havehaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin54 omittedaux
53beenbeAUXTense=Past VerbForm=Part54 omittedaux:pass
54omittedomitVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass26 madeconj
55..PUNCT_3 havepunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1havepresentthe storieshowever propertyvn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2set downparticiple · passivenearly propertyvn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»
3ispastSTORIES = storymethe wayrelated propertytree rules
4makepastthe only alterationsvn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
5is agerundthosetree rules
6renderto-infinitivethe talessimple Englishvn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tale=Theme
7not understandwould · passivebush Englishvn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus
8containgerundcertain passages not said hereobjectionable mattervn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot mat=Theme
9omitpresent · perfect · passivecertain passagesvn exclude-107.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/102/