Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 102
The stories have, however, been set down as nearly as possible in the way they were related to me, the only alterations made being those necessary to render the tales into simple English, as bush English would not be understood, and certain passages containing objectionable matter have been omitted.
Who acts: stories, only alterations, certain passages · What happens: have, set down, be, make, render, not understand · To what, where: me, way, those, tales, simple English, bush English
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stories, only alterations, certain passages), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 stories | det |
| 2 | stories | story | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 have | nsubj |
| 3 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 have | punct |
| 5 | however | however | ADV | _ | 3 have | advmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 set | punct |
| 7 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 8 set | aux:pass |
| 8 | set | set | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 have | parataxis |
| 9 | down | down | ADP | _ | 8 set | compound:prt |
| 10 | as | as | ADV | _ | 11 nearly | advmod |
| 11 | nearly | nearly | ADV | _ | 8 set | advmod |
| 12 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 13 possible | mark |
| 13 | possible | possible | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 nearly | advcl |
| 14 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 way | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 way | det |
| 16 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 related | obl |
| 17 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 related | nsubj |
| 18 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 related | cop |
| 19 | related | related | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 set | conj |
| 20 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 me | case |
| 21 | me | I | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 19 related | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 made | punct |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 alterations | det |
| 24 | only | only | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 alterations | amod |
| 25 | alterations | alteration | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 made | nsubj |
| 26 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 related | parataxis |
| 27 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 28 those | cop |
| 28 | those | that | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 26 made | obj |
| 29 | necessary | necessary | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 those | amod |
| 30 | to | to | PART | _ | 31 render | mark |
| 31 | render | render | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 29 necessary | csubj |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 tales | det |
| 33 | tales | tale | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 render | obj |
| 34 | into | into | ADP | _ | 36 English | case |
| 35 | simple | simple | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 English | amod |
| 36 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 tales | nmod |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 understood | punct |
| 38 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 44 understood | mark |
| 39 | bush | bush | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 English | amod |
| 40 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 44 understood | nsubj:pass |
| 41 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 44 understood | aux |
| 42 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 44 understood | advmod |
| 43 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 44 understood | aux:pass |
| 44 | understood | understand | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 31 render | advcl |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 54 omitted | punct |
| 46 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 54 omitted | cc |
| 47 | certain | certain | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 48 passages | amod |
| 48 | passages | passage | NOUN | Number=Plur | 54 omitted | nsubj:pass |
| 49 | containing | contain | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 48 passages | acl |
| 50 | objectionable | objectionable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 matter | amod |
| 51 | matter | mat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 49 containing | obj |
| 52 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 54 omitted | aux |
| 53 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 54 omitted | aux:pass |
| 54 | omitted | omit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 26 made | conj |
| 55 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 have | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | the stories | however property | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | set down | participle · passive | nearly property | vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V» | |||||
| 3 | is | past | STORIES = story | me | the way | related property | tree rules | ||
| 4 | make | past | the only alterations | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | |||||
| 5 | is a | gerund | those | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | render | to-infinitive | the tales | simple English | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tale=Theme | ||||
| 7 | not understand | would · passive | bush English | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus | |||||
| 8 | contain | gerund | certain passages not said here | objectionable matter | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot mat=Theme | ||||
| 9 | omit | present · perfect · passive | certain passages | vn exclude-107.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/102/