Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 105

For example, demijons (which are brought up river from Calabar filled with rum) are used every day in most of the towns for tombo, and glass tumblers are also quite common, and it is easily conceivable that a native, who is accustomed to using these articles, in relating a story might say in his language the equivalent for “The pourer-out then took the demijon of tombo and poured some into a glass which he gave to the chief,” instead of saying, “The pourer-out then poured some tombo from the calabash into the drinking-horn which he handed to the chief.”

Who acts: glass tumblers, tombo, relating, equivalent, glass, pourer out · What happens: bring up, fill, use, be, accustom, relate · To what, where: demijons, Calabar, most towns, articles, story, language · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (glass tumblers, tombo, relating, equivalent), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	For	for	ADP	_	2 example	case
2	example	example	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 used	obl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 example	punct
4	demijons	demijon	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 used	nsubj:pass
5	(	(	PUNCT	_	8 brought	punct
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 brought	nsubj:pass
7	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 brought	aux:pass
8	brought	bring	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 demijons	parataxis
9	up	up	ADP	_	8 brought	compound:prt
10	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 brought	obj
11	from	from	ADP	_	12 Calabar	case
12	Calabar	Calabar	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 filled	obl
13	filled	fill	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 brought	conj
14	with	with	ADP	_	15 rum	case
15	rum	rum	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 filled	obl
16	)	)	PUNCT	_	13 filled	punct
17	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 used	aux:pass
18	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
19	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	20 day	det
20	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 used	obl:unmarked
21	in	in	ADP	_	25 towns	case
22	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	25 towns	amod
23	of	of	ADP	_	25 towns	case
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 towns	det
25	towns	town	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 used	obl
26	for	for	ADP	_	27 tombo	case
27	tombo	tombo	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 towns	nmod
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 common	punct
29	and	and	CCONJ	_	35 common	cc
30	glass	glass	NOUN	Number=Sing	31 tumblers	compound
31	tumblers	tumbler	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 common	nsubj
32	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	35 common	cop
33	also	also	ADV	_	35 common	advmod
34	quite	quite	ADV	_	35 common	advmod
35	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 used	conj
36	,	,	PUNCT	_	41 conceivable	punct
37	and	and	CCONJ	_	41 conceivable	cc
38	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	41 conceivable	nsubj
39	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	41 conceivable	cop
40	easily	easily	ADV	_	41 conceivable	advmod
41	conceivable	conceivable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	35 common	conj
42	that	that	SCONJ	_	44 native	mark
43	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	44 native	det
44	native	native	ADJ	Degree=Pos	41 conceivable	advcl
45	,	,	PUNCT	_	48 accustomed	punct
46	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	48 accustomed	nsubj
47	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	48 accustomed	aux:pass
48	accustomed	accustom	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	41 conceivable	parataxis
49	to	to	SCONJ	_	50 using	mark
50	using	use	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	48 accustomed	advcl
51	these	this	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	52 articles	det
52	articles	article	NOUN	Number=Plur	50 using	obj
53	,	,	PUNCT	_	55 relating	punct
54	in	in	SCONJ	_	55 relating	mark
55	relating	relate	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	59 say	csubj
56	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	57 story	det
57	story	story	NOUN	Number=Sing	55 relating	obj
58	might	might	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	59 say	aux
59	say	say	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	48 accustomed	parataxis
60	in	in	ADP	_	62 language	case
61	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	62 language	nmod:poss
62	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	59 say	obl
63	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	64 equivalent	det
64	equivalent	equivalent	NOUN	Number=Sing	72 took	nsubj
65	for	for	ADP	_	70 out	case
66	“	"	PUNCT	_	70 out	punct
67	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	70 out	det
68	pourer	pourer	NOUN	Number=Sing	70 out	compound
69	-	-	PUNCT	_	68 pourer	punct
70	out	out	NOUN	Number=Sing	64 equivalent	nmod
71	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	72 took	advmod
72	took	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	62 language	acl:relcl
73	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	74 demijon	det
74	demijon	demijon	NOUN	Number=Sing	72 took	obj
75	of	of	ADP	_	76 tombo	case
76	tombo	tombo	NOUN	Number=Sing	74 demijon	nmod
77	and	and	CCONJ	_	78 poured	cc
78	poured	pour	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	72 took	conj
79	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	78 poured	obj
80	into	into	ADP	_	82 glass	case
81	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	82 glass	det
82	glass	glass	NOUN	Number=Sing	78 poured	obl
83	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	85 gave	nsubj
84	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	85 gave	nsubj
85	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	82 glass	acl:relcl
86	to	to	ADP	_	88 chief	case
87	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	88 chief	det
88	chief	chief	NOUN	Number=Sing	85 gave	obl
89	,	,	PUNCT	_	78 poured	punct
90	”	"	PUNCT	_	78 poured	punct
91	instead	instead	ADV	ExtPos=SCONJ	93 saying	mark
92	of	of	ADP	_	91 instead	fixed
93	saying	say	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	78 poured	advcl
94	,	,	PUNCT	_	101 poured	punct
95	“	"	PUNCT	_	101 poured	punct
96	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	99 out	det
97	pourer	pourer	NOUN	Number=Sing	99 out	compound
98	-	-	PUNCT	_	97 pourer	punct
99	out	out	NOUN	Number=Sing	101 poured	nsubj
100	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	101 poured	advmod
101	poured	pour	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	93 saying	ccomp
102	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	103 tombo	det
103	tombo	tombo	NOUN	Number=Sing	101 poured	obj
104	from	from	ADP	_	106 calabash	case
105	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	106 calabash	det
106	calabash	calabash	NOUN	Number=Sing	101 poured	obl
107	into	into	ADP	_	111 horn	case
108	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	111 horn	det
109	drinking	drinking	NOUN	Number=Sing	111 horn	compound
110	-	-	PUNCT	_	109 drinking	punct
111	horn	horn	NOUN	Number=Sing	101 poured	obl
112	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	114 handed	nsubj
113	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	114 handed	nsubj
114	handed	hand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	111 horn	acl:relcl
115	to	to	ADP	_	117 chief	case
116	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	117 chief	det
117	chief	chief	NOUN	Number=Sing	114 handed	obl
118	.	.	PUNCT	_	18 used	punct
119	”	"	PUNCT	_	18 used	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bring up	present · passive		demijons				river obj	tree rules
2	fill	participle				Calabar		with rum	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with rum=Instrument
3	use	present · passive		demijons		the most towns for tombo	day	for example	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for example=Eventuality
4	is	present	glass tumblers					common property	tree rules
5	is	present	tombo					conceivable, easily property	tree rules
6	accustom	present · passive						who nsubj	tree rules
7	use	gerund		this articles					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent article=Patient
8	relate	gerund		a story					vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent story=Theme
9	say speech: assert	might	relating			article's language			vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent in language=Manner
10	take in a quote	past	the equivalent for the pourer out	the demijon of tombo			then		vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent demijon=Theme
11	pour in a quote	past	the equivalent for the pourer out not said here	some		a glass			vn pour-9.5 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent some=Theme into glass=Destination
12	give in a quote	past	a glass		the chief			equivalent nsubj	vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to chief=Recipient
13	say speech: assert	gerund	the equivalent for the pourer out not said here						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
14	pour in a quote	past	the pourer out	some tombo		the calabash	then	into the drinking horn	vn pour-9.5 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent tombo=Theme from calabash=Initial_Location into horn=Destination
15	hand in a quote	past	the drinking horn			the chief		out nsubj	vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent to chief=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/105/

🌲 Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 105

The tree

Pragmatics

Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 105